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cognitive radio --- cognitive radio networks --- dynamic spectrum access --- Radio spectrum --- software defined radio --- spectrum efficiency --- Wireless Internet --- Wireless Internet. --- Internet --- Wireless communication systems --- Telecommunications --- radio spectrum --- Engineering sciences. Technology

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In recent years, microwave sensing and imaging have acquired an ever-growing importance in several applicative fields, such as non-destructive evaluations in industry and civil engineering, subsurface prospection, security, and biomedical imaging. Indeed, microwave techniques allow, in principle, for information to be obtained directly regarding the physical parameters of the inspected targets (dielectric properties, shape, etc.) by using safe electromagnetic radiations and cost-effective systems. Consequently, a great deal of research activity has recently been devoted to the development of efficient/reliable measurement systems, which are effective data processing algorithms that can be used to solve the underlying electromagnetic inverse scattering problem, and efficient forward solvers to model electromagnetic interactions. Within this framework, this Special Issue aims to provide some insights into recent microwave sensing and imaging systems and techniques.

MW magnetic field --- axial ratio --- polarization --- NV center --- two-dimensional radar imaging --- multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar --- Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) --- imaging plane calibration algorithm (IPCA) --- microwave tomography --- stroke detection --- DBIM --- linearized inverse scattering --- microwave imaging --- orbital angular momentum --- born approximation --- rytov approximation --- brain stroke --- monitoring --- antenna array --- electromagnetic scattering --- buried objects --- through-wall radar --- inverse scattering --- breast --- multipath --- dynamic range --- software defined radio --- leakage --- frequency-dimension scale --- terahertz --- measurements --- differential imaging --- numerical optimization --- block system inversion --- trade-off analysis --- medical MEMS --- wireless power transfer --- microwave --- thermography --- field illustration --- permittivity --- radar imaging --- target detection --- experimental measurements --- imaging --- wave propagation --- beam summation methods

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In recent years, wireless communications have significantly evolved due to the advanced technology of smartphones;, portable devices; and the rapid growth of Internet of Things, e-Health, and intelligent transportation systems . Moreover, there is an increasing need for emerging intelligent services like positioning and sensing in the future intelligence society. Recent years have witnessed the growing research interests and activities in the communication and intelligence services in the optical wireless spectrum, as a complementary technology to more

sofware defined optics (SDO) --- n/a --- light to frequency converter --- white-light LED --- error observer --- nature conditions (thermal turbulence --- color independence --- feedforward control --- visible light communication --- adaptive power allocation scheme --- random forest (RF) --- localization algorithm --- generalized color modulation --- wearable device --- positioning --- tracking performance --- software defined radio (SDR) --- VLP --- multistate quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) --- fog) --- rain --- visible light communication (VLC) --- LED tail-light --- optical wireless communication --- LED indoor ceiling light --- multipath reflections --- k-nearest neighbors (kNN) --- bit-error ratio (BER) --- anti-disturbance ability --- vehicle-to-everything (V2X) --- mobile optoelectronic tracking system --- disturbance observer --- model reference --- indoor positioning system (IPS) --- fitting model --- Visible Light Positioning --- LED tilt --- inverse power allocation scheme --- non-orthogonal multiple access --- V2X --- visual MIMO --- color-space-based modulation

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Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has become one of the key technologies in subsurface sensing and, in general, in non-destructive testing (NDT), since it is able to detect both metallic and nonmetallic targets. GPR for NDT has been successfully introduced in a wide range of sectors, such as mining and geology, glaciology, civil engineering and civil works, archaeology, and security and defense. In recent decades, improvements in georeferencing and positioning systems have enabled the introduction of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) techniques in GPR systems, yielding GPR–SAR systems capable of providing high-resolution microwave images. In parallel, the radiofrequency front-end of GPR systems has been optimized in terms of compactness (e.g., smaller Tx/Rx antennas) and cost. These advances, combined with improvements in autonomous platforms, such as unmanned terrestrial and aerial vehicles, have fostered new fields of application for GPR, where fast and reliable detection capabilities are demanded. In addition, processing techniques have been improved, taking advantage of the research conducted in related fields like inverse scattering and imaging. As a result, novel and robust algorithms have been developed for clutter reduction, automatic target recognition, and efficient processing of large sets of measurements to enable real-time imaging, among others. This Special Issue provides an overview of the state of the art in GPR imaging, focusing on the latest advances from both hardware and software perspectives.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) --- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) --- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) --- Real Time Kinematic (RTK) --- Ultra-Wide-Band (UWB) --- landmine and IED detection --- non-destructive testing --- GPR --- coherence --- semblance --- attribute analysis --- imaging --- GPR trace --- high-resolution data --- large-scale survey --- archaeological prospection --- Ground-Penetrating Radar --- velocity analysis --- coherency functionals --- GPR data processing --- GPR data migration --- spatial-variant convolution neural network (SV-CNN) --- spatial-variant convolution kernel (SV-CK) --- radar image enhancing --- MIMO radar --- neural networks --- imaging radar --- ground penetrating radar --- wavelet scattering network --- machine learning --- support vector machine --- pipeline identification --- snow --- snow water equivalent (SWE) --- stepped-frequency continuous wave radar (SFCW) --- software defined radio (SDR) --- snowpack multilayer reflectance --- Ground Penetrating Radar --- Synthetic Aperture Radar --- landmine --- Improvised Explosive Device --- radar --- noise attenuation --- Gaussian spike impulse noise --- deep convolutional denoising autoencoders (CDAEs) --- deep convolutional denoising autoencoders with network structure optimization (CDAEsNSO) --- applied geophysics --- digital signal processing --- enhancement of 3D-GPR datasets --- clutter noise removal --- spectral filtering --- ground-penetrating radar --- nondestructive testing --- pipelines detection --- modeling --- signal processing --- n/a