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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

individual microbe --- Single-Cell Analysis --- individual-based ecology --- Agent-based modeling --- research topic

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The term ‘biomedical engineering’ refers to the application of the principles and problem-solving techniques of engineering to biology and medicine. Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary branch, as many of the problems health professionals are confronted with have traditionally been of interest to engineers because they involve processes that are fundamental to engineering practice. Biomedical engineers employ common engineering methods to comprehend, modify, or control biological systems, and to design and manufacture devices that can assist in the diagnosis and therapy of human diseases. This Special Issue of Fluids aims to be a forum for scientists and engineers from academia and industry to present and discuss recent developments in the field of biomedical engineering. It contains papers that tackle, both numerically (Computational Fluid Dynamics studies) and experimentally, biomedical engineering problems, with a diverse range of studies focusing on the fundamental understanding of fluid flows in biological systems, modelling studies on complex rheological phenomena and molecular dynamics, design and improvement of lab-on-a-chip devices, modelling of processes inside the human body as well as drug delivery applications. Contributions have focused on problems associated with subjects that include hemodynamical flows, arterial wall shear stress, targeted drug delivery, FSI/CFD and Multiphysics simulations, molecular dynamics modelling and physiology-based biokinetic models.

risk assessment --- n/a --- stability study --- inclined ?-channel --- lab-on-a-chip --- pipette Petri dish single-cell trapping (PP-SCT) --- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm --- drug delivery --- human biomonitoring --- abdominal aortic aneurysm --- shikonin --- hyaluronic --- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) --- exposure reconstruction --- doxorubicin --- biokinetics --- blood flow --- gelation --- hyperbranched polyester --- single cell analysis --- capillary --- liposomes --- meniscus --- small vessel --- spreading --- alkannin --- hydrogel --- single-cell trapping --- drug delivery system --- microfluidics --- viscoelastic --- CFD --- FFMR --- computational fluid dynamics simulations --- biochemical processes --- hematocrit --- pressure drop --- passive trapping --- dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) --- arterial wall shear stress --- cell capture --- free-flowing film --- falling film microreactor --- non-Newtonian --- pulsatile flow --- tilt trapping --- haematocrit --- ?-PIV --- viscous --- hydrodynamics --- gravitational --- fluid–structure interaction --- blood --- physiology-based biokinetics --- simulations --- droplet spreading --- human bio-monitoring --- shear thinning --- Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) --- cancer --- bisphenol A --- Casson fluid --- fluid-structure interaction

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Improved understanding of the cellular and molecular makeup of tumors in the last 30 years has unraveled a previously unexpected level of heterogeneity among tumor cells as well as within the tumor microenvironment. The concept of tumor heterogeneity underlines the realization that different tumors can display significant differences in their genomic content as well as in their overall behavior. Our capacity to better understand the heterogeneous make up of tumors has very important consequences on our ability to design efficient therapeutic strategies to improve patient survival. This book highlights several aspects of tumor heterogeneity in the context of metastatic development and summarize some of the challenges posed by heterogeneity for tumor diagnostics and therapeutic management of tumors.

clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- tumor evolution --- tumor ecology --- intratumor heterogeneity --- multisite tumor sampling --- targeted therapy --- uterine carcinosarcoma --- endometrial carcinoma --- metaplastic carcinoma --- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition --- clonality --- mutation --- TP53 --- PI3K/AKT pathway --- gene expression --- miRNA expression --- tumor microenvironment --- interstitial pH --- acidosis --- tumor heterogeneity --- magnetic resonance imaging --- hyperpolarized 13C MRI --- carbonic anhydrase --- lactic acid --- positron emission tomography --- esophageal squamous cell carcinoma --- precision medicine --- natural killer cells --- tumor mutation burden --- immunotherapy --- PET --- heterogeneity --- radiomics --- radiopharmaceuticals --- SUV --- nuclear medicine --- colon cancer --- Wnt signaling --- phenotypic plasticity --- EMT --- hybrid E/M --- collective and single-cell migration --- beta-catenin paradox --- breast cancer --- immune microenvironment --- DCIS --- ADH --- mammary gland --- cell fate --- 3D cultures --- organoids --- signaling --- single-cell RNAseq --- tumor endothelial cell --- metastasis --- angiocrine factor --- microsatellite instability --- colorectal cancer --- immune checkpoints --- deficient mismatch repair --- plasticity --- biomechanics --- circulating tumor cells (CTCs) --- extracellular vesicles --- metastatic niche --- epigenetics --- CTC-clusters --- single-cell analysis --- cellular heterogeneity --- circulating tumor cells --- pancreatic cancer --- epithelial mesenchymal plasticity --- target discovery --- review --- genomics --- intra-tumour heterogeneity --- subclonal diversity --- treatment resistance

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The analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as a real-time liquid biopsy approach can be used to obtain new insights into metastasis biology, and as companion diagnostics to improve the stratification of therapies and to obtain insights into the therapy-induced selection of cancer cells. In this book, we will cover all the different facets of CTCs to assemble a huge corpus of knowledge on cancer dissemination: technologies for their enrichment, detection, and characterization; their analysis at the single-cell level; their journey as CTC microemboli; their clinical relevance; their biology with the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT); their stem-cell properties; their potential to initiate metastasis at distant sites; their ex vivo expansion; and their escape from the immune system.

n/a --- FOLFIRINOX --- immunofluorescence imaging --- AR-V7 --- circulating tumour cells --- chemoradioresistance --- CTC-based treatment decisions --- rVAR2 --- immunophenotyping --- immune system --- CellSearch® --- flow cytometry --- clinical trials --- circulating tumor DNA --- synaptophysin --- stem cells --- colorectal cancer --- melanoma --- CTC biology --- platelets --- AR --- CTC capture technology --- castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) --- PD-L1 expression --- rovalpituzumab tesirine --- HMB-45 --- thymidylate synthase --- ctDNA --- tumor cell dissemination --- solid cancers --- metastasis --- locally advanced rectal cancer --- miRNA --- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) --- NSCLC --- tumor biomarkers --- tumor stem cells --- circulating tumor cells --- major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) --- bone marrow --- heterogeneity --- cerebrospinal liquid biopsy --- fish --- glioma --- in vivo flow cytometry --- colorectal surgery --- CellSearch --- single-cell analysis --- disseminated tumor cells --- EasyCount slides --- microsatellite instability --- circulating plasma cells --- circulating leukemia cells --- ARV7 --- SLUG --- androgen receptor --- metastatic colorectal cancer --- leukocyte-derived extracellular vesicles --- prostate cancer (PCa) --- neutrophils --- liquid biopsy --- enzalutamide --- CD133 --- enrichment and detection technologies --- biomarkers --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- biomarker --- RAD23B --- microbiome --- integrin B1 --- ACCEPT --- emboli --- small-cell lung carcinoma --- EPISPOT --- microfluidics --- early breast cancer --- circulating tumor cells (CTC) --- tumor-initiating cells (TICs) --- immunomodulation --- xenograft models --- CTC-derived xenografts --- malaria --- circulating tumor cells (CTCs) --- clinical utility --- exosomes --- liquid surgery --- ctRNA --- CTCs --- epithelial–mesenchymal transition --- targeted therapy --- hematological cells --- gene expression analysis --- hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) --- breast cancer --- EpCAM enrichment --- prostate cancer --- CTC --- abiraterone --- fibronectin --- CTC-derived ex vivo models --- CTMat --- chromogranin A --- CTM --- exosome --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition

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Microtechnology has changed our world since the last century, when silicon microelectronics revolutionized sensor, control and communication areas, with applications extending from domotics to automotive, and from security to biomedicine. The present century, however, is also seeing an accelerating pace of innovation in glassy materials; as an example, glass-ceramics, which successfully combine the properties of an amorphous matrix with those of micro- or nano-crystals, offer a very high flexibility of design to chemists, physicists and engineers, who can conceive and implement advanced microdevices. In a very similar way, the synthesis of glassy polymers in a very wide range of chemical structures offers unprecedented potential of applications. The contemporary availability of microfabrication technologies, such as direct laser writing or 3D printing, which add to the most common processes (deposition, lithography and etching), facilitates the development of novel or advanced microdevices based on glassy materials. Biochemical and biomedical sensors, especially with the lab-on-a-chip target, are one of the most evident proofs of the success of this material platform. Other applications have also emerged in environment, food, and chemical industries. The present Special Issue of Micromachines aims at reviewing the current state-of-the-art and presenting perspectives of further development. Contributions related to the technologies, glassy materials, design and fabrication processes, characterization, and, eventually, applications are welcome.

enhanced boiling heat transfer --- microfluidic devices --- thermal insulation --- fibers --- lab-on-a-chip --- precision glass molding --- device simulations --- spray pyrolysis technique --- dielectric materials --- detection of small molecules --- roughness --- direct metal forming --- micro-grinding --- MEMS --- chalcogenide glass --- whispering gallery mode --- down-shifting --- glass --- optofluidic microbubble resonator --- luminescent materials --- filling ratio --- 2D colloidal crystal --- waveguides --- micro-crack propagation --- fluid displacement --- biosensors --- freeform optics --- microstructured optical fibers --- laser micromachining --- polymeric microfluidic flow cytometry --- luminescence --- frequency conversion --- light --- micro/nano patterning --- resonator --- fiber coupling --- distributed sensing --- severing force --- microsphere --- alkali cells --- microfabrication --- hybrid materials --- enclosed microstructures --- infrared optics --- glassy carbon micromold --- Ag nanoaggregates --- microfluidics --- chemical/biological sensing --- porous media --- atomic spectroscopy --- quartz glass --- solar energy --- diffusion --- soft colloidal lithography --- groove --- compound glass --- metallic microstructure --- whispering gallery modes --- sol-gel --- communications --- femtosecond laser --- optofluidics --- europium --- aspherical lens --- long period grating --- optical cells --- polymers --- lasing --- photovoltaics --- microresonator --- sensing --- microspheres --- light localization --- Yb³⁺ ions --- laser materials processing --- photonic microdevices --- MEMS vapor cells --- microtechnology --- ultrafast laser micromachining --- photon --- single-cell protein quantification --- strain microsensor --- label-free sensor --- microdevices --- ultrafast laser welding --- nuclear fusion --- vectorial strain gauge --- single-cell analysis --- glass molding process