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By the end of the 19th century, British imperial medical officers and Christian medical missionaries had introduced Western medicine to Tibet, Sikkim, and Bhutan. Their Footprints Remain uses archival sources, personal letters, diaries, and oral sources in order to tell the fascinating story of how this once-new medical system became imbedded in the Himalayas. Of interest to anyone with an interest in medical history and anthropology, as well as the Himalayan world, this volume not only identifies the individuals involved and describes how they helped to spread this form of imperialist medicine, but also discusses its reception by a local people whose own medical practices were based on an entirely different understanding of the world.

Medicine --- History --- Tibet Autonomous Region (China) --- Sikkim (India) --- Bhutan --- History. --- Health Workforce --- Bhoutan --- Bhotan --- Boutan --- Bootan --- ʼBrug-yul --- Druk-yul --- Phūthān --- Kingdom of Bhutan --- ʼBrug Rgyal-khab --- Dru Gäkhap --- Bhoetan --- بوتان --- Būtān --- Reino de Bután --- Botan --- Vutã --- Tetã Vutã --- Butan Krallığı --- Бутан --- Бутан Короллеге --- Butan Korollege --- Каралеўства Бутан --- Karaleŭstva Butan --- Кралство Бутан --- Kralstvo Butan --- Kraljevina Butan --- Бутан патшалăхĕ --- Butan patshalăkhĕ --- Bhútánské království --- Teyrnas Bhutan --- Kongedømmet Bhutan --- Königreich Bhutan --- Iiʼniʼ Tłʼiishtsoh Bikéyah --- Bhutani Kuningriik --- Μπουτάν --- Βασίλειο του Μπουτάν --- Vasileio tou Boutan --- Butano --- Bhutano --- Reĝlando Butano --- Bhutango Erresuma --- Kongaríkið Bhutan --- Kongsríkið Butan --- Royaume du Bhoutan --- An Bhútain --- Bhútain --- Ríocht na Bútáine --- Rìoghachd Bhutàin --- Бутанмудин Нутг --- Butanmudin Nutg --- 부탄 --- Put'an --- Butana --- Sikhim (India) --- Sikkim --- Sikkima (India) --- Tibetan Autonomous Region (China) --- Hsi-tsang tzu chih chʻü (China) --- Xizang Zizhiqu (China) --- 西藏自治区 (China) --- Hsi-tsang tzu chih chʻü jen min cheng fu (China) --- Xizang Zizhiqu ren min zheng fu (China) --- TAR --- Xizang Autonomous Region (China) --- Bod Raṅ-skyoṅ-ljoṅs (China) --- Bod (China) --- Sitsang (China) --- Tibet (China) --- Thibet (China) --- Tibet-Chamdo (China) --- Tübüt (China) --- Xizang (China) --- Tibet --- TAR (China) --- Bhutan. --- Тибет (China) --- Tu̇vd (China) --- Tȯvȯd (China) --- 西藏 (China) --- culture and instituten --- culture and institutions --- geschiedenis --- history, geography, and auxiliary disciplines

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This Joint Staff Advisory Note focuses on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) Progress Report for Bhutan. Bhutan’s PRSP aims to galvanize the poverty reduction efforts of the Royal Government of Bhutan, building on past achievements. It targets an average growth rate of 8¼ percent during 2004/05–2006/07, which is about 1¾ percentage points above that experienced during the Eighth Plan and the first two years of the Ninth Plan. Pushing the economy to this higher growth trajectory will be a challenge; however, some increase in the growth rate can be expected over the medium term.

Poverty --- Finance, Public --- Expenditures, Public. --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- Public finances --- Currency question --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Appropriations and expenditures --- Government appropriations --- Government expenditures --- Government spending --- Public expenditures --- Public spending --- Spending, Government --- Public administration --- Government spending policy --- International Monetary Fund --- International Development Association. --- International development association --- Internationale ontwikkelingsassociatie --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Bhutan --- Bhoutan --- Bhotan --- Boutan --- Bootan --- ʼBrug-yul --- Druk-yul --- Phūthān --- Kingdom of Bhutan --- ʼBrug Rgyal-khab --- Dru Gäkhap --- Bhoetan --- بوتان --- Būtān --- Reino de Bután --- Botan --- Vutã --- Tetã Vutã --- Butan Krallığı --- Бутан --- Бутан Короллеге --- Butan Korollege --- Каралеўства Бутан --- Karaleŭstva Butan --- Кралство Бутан --- Kralstvo Butan --- Kraljevina Butan --- Бутан патшалăхĕ --- Butan patshalăkhĕ --- Bhútánské království --- Teyrnas Bhutan --- Kongedømmet Bhutan --- Königreich Bhutan --- Iiʼniʼ Tłʼiishtsoh Bikéyah --- Bhutani Kuningriik --- Μπουτάν --- Βασίλειο του Μπουτάν --- Vasileio tou Boutan --- Butano --- Bhutano --- Reĝlando Butano --- Bhutango Erresuma --- Kongaríkið Bhutan --- Kongsríkið Butan --- Royaume du Bhoutan --- An Bhútain --- Bhútain --- Ríocht na Bútáine --- Rìoghachd Bhutàin --- Бутанмудин Нутг --- Butanmudin Nutg --- 부탄 --- Put'an --- Butana --- Economic conditions. --- Budgeting --- Public Finance --- Social Services and Welfare --- Poverty and Homelessness --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Social welfare & social services --- Budgeting & financial management --- Poverty & precarity --- Poverty reduction strategy --- Budget planning and preparation --- Expenditure --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Budget --- Expenditures, Public

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The staff report for the 2007 Article IV Consultation on Bhutan explains the macroeconomic setting, economic developments, outlooks, risks, and challenges. Bhutan’s economic prospects are bright. Construction of two hydropower projects will help sustain real GDP growth over the medium term. With the exchange rate peg to the Indian rupee, inflation is expected to be in line with price developments in India. Executive Directors commended Bhutan’s prudent macroeconomic policies and political stability, which have yielded robust growth, an appreciable improvement in social indicators, and progress toward meeting the Millennium Development Goals.

Fiscal policy --- Monetary policy --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Monetary management --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Government policy --- International Monetary Fund --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Bhutan --- Bhoutan --- Bhotan --- Boutan --- Bootan --- ʼBrug-yul --- Druk-yul --- Phūthān --- Kingdom of Bhutan --- ʼBrug Rgyal-khab --- Dru Gäkhap --- Bhoetan --- بوتان --- Būtān --- Reino de Bután --- Botan --- Vutã --- Tetã Vutã --- Butan Krallığı --- Бутан --- Бутан Короллеге --- Butan Korollege --- Каралеўства Бутан --- Karaleŭstva Butan --- Кралство Бутан --- Kralstvo Butan --- Kraljevina Butan --- Бутан патшалăхĕ --- Butan patshalăkhĕ --- Bhútánské království --- Teyrnas Bhutan --- Kongedømmet Bhutan --- Königreich Bhutan --- Iiʼniʼ Tłʼiishtsoh Bikéyah --- Bhutani Kuningriik --- Μπουτάν --- Βασίλειο του Μπουτάν --- Vasileio tou Boutan --- Butano --- Bhutano --- Reĝlando Butano --- Bhutango Erresuma --- Kongaríkið Bhutan --- Kongsríkið Butan --- Royaume du Bhoutan --- An Bhútain --- Bhútain --- Ríocht na Bútáine --- Rìoghachd Bhutàin --- Бутанмудин Нутг --- Butanmudin Nutg --- 부탄 --- Put'an --- Butana --- Economic conditions. --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Industries: Financial Services --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Trade: General --- Fiscal Policy --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Monetary economics --- Finance --- Public debt --- External debt --- Credit --- Fiscal stance --- Imports --- Money --- International trade --- Debts, Public --- Debts, External

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The overarching objective of Bhutan’s Tenth Five-Year Plan (10FYP)—which is also the Royal Government of Bhutan’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)—is to sustain this trajectory and reduce poverty further. Political stability, prudent economic management, and development of the hydropower sector delivered robust economic growth during the 9FYP. Favorable economic performance was underpinned by sound macroeconomic policies. The 10FYP forecasts an average fiscal deficit of about 3 percent of GDP, the same as in the 9FYP and in line with the Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB)'s strategic fiscal policy goals.

Poverty --- Prevention --- Bhutan --- Economic conditions --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Bhoutan --- Bhotan --- Boutan --- Bootan --- ʼBrug-yul --- Druk-yul --- Phūthān --- Kingdom of Bhutan --- ʼBrug Rgyal-khab --- Dru Gäkhap --- Bhoetan --- بوتان --- Būtān --- Reino de Bután --- Botan --- Vutã --- Tetã Vutã --- Butan Krallığı --- Бутан --- Бутан Короллеге --- Butan Korollege --- Каралеўства Бутан --- Karaleŭstva Butan --- Кралство Бутан --- Kralstvo Butan --- Kraljevina Butan --- Бутан патшалăхĕ --- Butan patshalăkhĕ --- Bhútánské království --- Teyrnas Bhutan --- Kongedømmet Bhutan --- Königreich Bhutan --- Iiʼniʼ Tłʼiishtsoh Bikéyah --- Bhutani Kuningriik --- Μπουτάν --- Βασίλειο του Μπουτάν --- Vasileio tou Boutan --- Butano --- Bhutano --- Reĝlando Butano --- Bhutango Erresuma --- Kongaríkið Bhutan --- Kongsríkið Butan --- Royaume du Bhoutan --- An Bhútain --- Bhútain --- Ríocht na Bútáine --- Rìoghachd Bhutàin --- Бутанмудин Нутг --- Butanmudin Nutg --- 부탄 --- Put'an --- Butana --- Environmental Economics --- Social Services and Welfare --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Education: General --- Environmental Economics: General --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Social welfare & social services --- Education --- Environmental economics --- Poverty & precarity --- Poverty reduction strategy --- Environment --- Poverty reduction --- Environmental sciences

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This Selected Issues paper describes the current tax system in Bhutan and suggests options for tax policy reform. Though significant hydropower revenues are expected in the medium term as major projects come on-stream, reforms to the existing tax system in the interim will generate fiscal room and prevent recourse to domestic debt to finance development needs. Key reforms include reducing tax exemptions in the near term and introduction of value-added tax in the medium term. The paper also analyzes the adequacy of international reserves in Bhutan using a customized risk-weighted metric. The results indicate that Bhutan’s reserve levels are ample.

Taxation --- Water-power --- Tax administration and procedure --- Tax practice --- Tax procedure --- Hydraulic power plants --- Hydroelectric power --- Hydroelectricity --- Hydropower --- Waterpower --- Natural resources --- Power resources --- Renewable energy sources --- Water resources development --- Stream measurements --- Duties --- Fee system (Taxation) --- Tax policy --- Tax reform --- Taxation, Incidence of --- Taxes --- Finance, Public --- Revenue --- Bhutan --- Bhoutan --- Bhotan --- Boutan --- Bootan --- ʼBrug-yul --- Druk-yul --- Phūthān --- Kingdom of Bhutan --- ʼBrug Rgyal-khab --- Dru Gäkhap --- Bhoetan --- بوتان --- Būtān --- Reino de Bután --- Botan --- Vutã --- Tetã Vutã --- Butan Krallığı --- Бутан --- Бутан Короллеге --- Butan Korollege --- Каралеўства Бутан --- Karaleŭstva Butan --- Кралство Бутан --- Kralstvo Butan --- Kraljevina Butan --- Бутан патшалăхĕ --- Butan patshalăkhĕ --- Bhútánské království --- Teyrnas Bhutan --- Kongedømmet Bhutan --- Königreich Bhutan --- Iiʼniʼ Tłʼiishtsoh Bikéyah --- Bhutani Kuningriik --- Μπουτάν --- Βασίλειο του Μπουτάν --- Vasileio tou Boutan --- Butano --- Bhutano --- Reĝlando Butano --- Bhutango Erresuma --- Kongaríkið Bhutan --- Kongsríkið Butan --- Royaume du Bhoutan --- An Bhútain --- Bhútain --- Ríocht na Bútáine --- Rìoghachd Bhutàin --- Бутанмудин Нутг --- Butanmudin Nutg --- 부탄 --- Put'an --- Butana --- Economic conditions. --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Public Finance --- Corporate Taxation --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Trade: General --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Corporate & business tax --- Banking --- Hospitality, leisure & tourism industries --- Revenue administration --- Consumption taxes --- Exports --- Debt service --- Income and capital gains taxes --- International trade --- External debt --- Spendings tax --- Income tax