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This study represents the first systematic research on felony probationers. It is based on data on individuals convicted of selected serious felonies in Superior Court in California, who would have been likely candidates for prison. It defines probation and reviews its history to the present; documents the recidivism behavior of a selected sample of probationers and the implications for public safety; analyzes the factors that influence the prison/probation decision, the consistency of their application, and the recidivism of offenders with low, moderate, and high probabilities of imprisonment; identifies the factors associated with recidivism; discusses intermediate punishment--intensive community-based surveillance--as a sentencing alternative; describes operational programs; and develops a sentencing process to establish which alternative is appropriate for a given offender. Some of the conclusions suggested by the research are (1) felons granted probation present a serious threat to public safety; (2) the factors specified by law as appropriate considerations in the prison/probation decision strongly influence that decision in practice and should be used more consistently; (3) given the information now routinely provided to the court, the ability to predict which felons will succeed on probation cannot be vastly improved; and (4) state criminal justice systems should develop punitive community-based alternatives to prison for convicted felons.
Probation --- Recidivists
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In 1986, with the help of the Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice, three California counties (Los Angeles, Ventura, and Contra Costa) designed an experiment to implement intensive supervision probation (ISP) programs as an alternative form of supervision for high-risk probationers. This report focuses on the outcomes of the three ISP programs. The California ISPs had higher failure rates than ISP programs in other states. The findings indicate that this higher failure rate occurred because the offenders in the California demonstration samples were more serious and at higher risk of recidivism. Moreover, the California ISP participants had arrest rates virtually identical to those for offenders on routine probation or parole. The results suggest that ISP programs, as implemented in this study, are not effective for high-risk offenders--if effectiveness is judged solely by recidivism rates. In addition, greater emphasis on drug treatment is particularly important for ISP.
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Probation --- Criminology --- Probation (Droit) --- Criminologie --- Ireland.
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This report, part of a RAND study of the use of prison and probation for felony offenders, examines offender behavior after imprisonment. Using a sample of comparable prisoners and probationers, the authors investigate the association between imprisonment and recidivism, estimate the amount of crime that was prevented when felons were imprisoned rather than placed on probation, and discuss the costs to the criminal justice system to achieve that reduction in crime. The findings suggest the following: (1) The prisoners had higher recidivism rates than the probationers, both across crime types and in the aggregate. However, the prisoners' crimes were no more serious than the probationers', nor was there a significant difference in the length of time before their first filed charge. (2) The prisoners committed 20 percent fewer crimes than the probationers during the three years following their convictions. (3) The criminal justice system spent about twice as much on supervising and reprocessing prisoners as it did on probationers over the three-year period.
Prison sentences --- Probation --- Recidivism
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To help experts and practitioners working to tackle the problem of armed violence, these three Programming Notes build on the 2009 publication entitled Armed Violence Reduction: Enabling Development. These three notes cover armed violence in urban areas, youth and armed violence, and the linkages between armed violence reduction and security system reform.
Social problems --- Sociology of environment --- Violence --- Surety of the peace. --- Urban violence --- Prevention. --- Good behavior, Security for --- Peace, Surety of the --- Security for good behavior --- Security to keep the peace --- Surety for good behavior --- Crime prevention --- Criminal procedure --- Probation --- Punishment
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Universities and colleges --- College attendance --- Government aid to higher education --- Education, Higher --- Education --- Social Sciences --- Theory & Practice of Education --- College students --- Higher education --- Postsecondary education --- State aid to higher education --- Academic probation --- Attendance, College --- College enrollment --- Probation, Academic --- University attendance --- School attendance --- Colleges --- Degree-granting institutions --- Higher education institutions --- Higher education providers --- Institutions of higher education --- Postsecondary institutions --- Public institutions --- Schools --- Admission --- Forecasting. --- Costs --- Forecasting --- Government aid --- Finance
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Conservative estimates indicate that at least 740 000 men, women, youth and children die each year as a result of armed violence, most of them in low- and medium-income settings. The majority of these deaths occur in situations other than war, though armed conflicts continue to generate a high incidence of casualties. Approaches to preventing and reducing these deaths and related suffering are becoming increasingly important on the international agenda. In spite of the global preoccupation with the costs and consequences of armed violence, comparatively little evidence exists about how to stem its risks and effects. Virtually no information is available on Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention interventions, much less their effectiveness. This publication aims to fill this gap. It seeks to generate more understanding of what works and what does not, to stimulate further evaluation and to contribute to more effective and efficient policies and programmes. A large-scale mapping of Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention activities around the world form the basis of analysis, focusing primarily on programming trends in six countries – Brazil, Burundi, Colombia, Liberia, South Africa and Timor-Leste. These countries represent the very different programming contexts – from high rates of urban criminal violence to protracted post-conflict insecurity – in which development practitioners are currently engaged. While offering new data and analysis, this assessment builds directly on the 2009 publication Armed Violence Reduction: Enabling Development.
Surety of the peace. --- Violence -- Case studies. --- Violence -- Prevention. --- Violence. --- Violence --- Surety of the peace --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Social Change --- Prevention --- Prevention. --- Good behavior, Security for --- Peace, Surety of the --- Security for good behavior --- Security to keep the peace --- Surety for good behavior --- Violent behavior --- Crime prevention --- Criminal procedure --- Probation --- Punishment --- Social psychology
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Dans le but d’aider les experts en développement à faire face au problème de la violence armée, trois notes de programmation ont été élaborées et sont venues mettre à profit la publication de 2009 intitulée Réduire la violence armée, permettre le développement. Ces trois notes couvrent les sujets suivants : La violence armée en zones urbaines La jeunesse et la violence armée Les liens existants entre la réduction de la violence armée et la Réforme des systèmes de sécurité
Development --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Social Change --- Violence --- Surety of the peace. --- Prevention. --- Good behavior, Security for --- Peace, Surety of the --- Security for good behavior --- Security to keep the peace --- Surety for good behavior --- Crime prevention --- Criminal procedure --- Probation --- Punishment
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The OECD DAC Handbook on Security System Reform: Supporting Security and Justice provides guidance to operationalise the 2005 DAC Guidelines, Security System Reform and Governance, and closes the gap between policy and practice. It largely follows the external assistance programme cycle and contains valuable tools to help encourage a dialogue on security and justice issues and to support a security system reform (SSR) process through the assessment, design and implementation phases. It also provides new guidance on monitoring, review and evaluation of SSR programmes, and highlights how to ensure greater coherence across the different actors and departments engaged in SSR.
National security. --- Civilian-based defense. --- Surety of the peace. --- Good behavior, Security for --- Peace, Surety of the --- Security for good behavior --- Security to keep the peace --- Surety for good behavior --- Alternative defense --- CBD (Civilian-based defense) --- Civilian-based deterrence --- Defense, Civilian-based --- Defense, Social --- Nonviolent defense --- Popular non-violent defense --- Social defense --- National security --- National security policy --- NSP (National security policy) --- Security policy, National --- Government policy --- Crime prevention --- Criminal procedure --- Probation --- Punishment --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Military policy
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Le Manuel de l’OCDE CAD sur la réforme des systèmes de sécurité : soutenir la sécurité et la justice fournit des informations et des conseils sur l’application concrète des lignes directrices du CAD de 2005 intitulées Réforme des systèmes de sécurité et gouvernance, et comble ainsi l’écart entre les principes et la pratique. Il tient compte dans une large mesure du cycle de programmation de l’aide extérieure et contient des outils précieux pour encourager le dialogue sur les questions de sécurité et de justice et soutenir le processus de la réforme des systèmes de sécurité (RSS) tout au long des phases d’analyse préalable, de conception et de mise en œuvre. Il présente aussi de nouvelles orientations sur le suivi, l’examen et l’évaluation des programmes de RSS et explique comment améliorer la cohérence entre les différents acteurs et secteurs de l’administration qui interviennent dans la RSS.
National security. --- Civilian-based defense. --- Surety of the peace. --- Good behavior, Security for --- Peace, Surety of the --- Security for good behavior --- Security to keep the peace --- Surety for good behavior --- Alternative defense --- CBD (Civilian-based defense) --- Civilian-based deterrence --- Defense, Civilian-based --- Defense, Social --- Nonviolent defense --- Popular non-violent defense --- Social defense --- National security --- National security policy --- NSP (National security policy) --- Security policy, National --- Government policy --- Crime prevention --- Criminal procedure --- Probation --- Punishment --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Military policy
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