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This study represents the first systematic research on felony probationers. It is based on data on individuals convicted of selected serious felonies in Superior Court in California, who would have been likely candidates for prison. It defines probation and reviews its history to the present; documents the recidivism behavior of a selected sample of probationers and the implications for public safety; analyzes the factors that influence the prison/probation decision, the consistency of their application, and the recidivism of offenders with low, moderate, and high probabilities of imprisonment; identifies the factors associated with recidivism; discusses intermediate punishment--intensive community-based surveillance--as a sentencing alternative; describes operational programs; and develops a sentencing process to establish which alternative is appropriate for a given offender. Some of the conclusions suggested by the research are (1) felons granted probation present a serious threat to public safety; (2) the factors specified by law as appropriate considerations in the prison/probation decision strongly influence that decision in practice and should be used more consistently; (3) given the information now routinely provided to the court, the ability to predict which felons will succeed on probation cannot be vastly improved; and (4) state criminal justice systems should develop punitive community-based alternatives to prison for convicted felons.

Probation --- Recidivists

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Probation --- Criminology --- Probation (Droit) --- Criminologie --- Ireland.

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To help experts and practitioners working to tackle the problem of armed violence, these three Programming Notes build on the 2009 publication entitled Armed Violence Reduction: Enabling Development. These three notes cover armed violence in urban areas, youth and armed violence, and the linkages between armed violence reduction and security system reform.

Social problems --- Sociology of environment --- Violence --- Surety of the peace. --- Urban violence --- Prevention. --- Good behavior, Security for --- Peace, Surety of the --- Security for good behavior --- Security to keep the peace --- Surety for good behavior --- Crime prevention --- Criminal procedure --- Probation --- Punishment

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Conservative estimates indicate that at least 740 000 men, women, youth and children die each year as a result of armed violence, most of them in low- and medium-income settings. The majority of these deaths occur in situations other than war, though armed conflicts continue to generate a high incidence of casualties.   Approaches to preventing and reducing these deaths and related suffering are becoming increasingly important on the international agenda. In spite of the global preoccupation with the costs and consequences of armed violence, comparatively little evidence exists about how to stem its risks and effects. Virtually no information is available on Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention interventions, much less their effectiveness. This publication aims to fill this gap. It seeks to generate more understanding of what works and what does not, to stimulate further evaluation and to contribute to more effective and efficient policies and programmes. A large-scale mapping of Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention activities around the world form the basis of analysis, focusing primarily on programming trends in six countries – Brazil, Burundi, Colombia, Liberia, South Africa and Timor-Leste. These countries represent the very different programming contexts – from high rates of urban criminal violence to protracted post-conflict insecurity – in which development practitioners are currently engaged. While offering new data and analysis, this assessment builds directly on the 2009 publication Armed Violence Reduction: Enabling Development.

Surety of the peace. --- Violence -- Case studies. --- Violence -- Prevention. --- Violence. --- Violence --- Surety of the peace --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Social Change --- Prevention --- Prevention. --- Good behavior, Security for --- Peace, Surety of the --- Security for good behavior --- Security to keep the peace --- Surety for good behavior --- Violent behavior --- Crime prevention --- Criminal procedure --- Probation --- Punishment --- Social psychology

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The OECD DAC Handbook on Security System Reform: Supporting Security and Justice provides guidance to operationalise the 2005 DAC Guidelines, Security System Reform and Governance, and closes the gap between policy and practice. It largely follows the external assistance programme cycle and contains valuable tools to help encourage a dialogue on security and justice issues and to support a security system reform (SSR) process through the assessment, design and implementation phases. It also provides new guidance on monitoring, review and evaluation of SSR programmes, and highlights how to ensure greater coherence across the different actors and departments engaged in SSR.

National security. --- Civilian-based defense. --- Surety of the peace. --- Good behavior, Security for --- Peace, Surety of the --- Security for good behavior --- Security to keep the peace --- Surety for good behavior --- Alternative defense --- CBD (Civilian-based defense) --- Civilian-based deterrence --- Defense, Civilian-based --- Defense, Social --- Nonviolent defense --- Popular non-violent defense --- Social defense --- National security --- National security policy --- NSP (National security policy) --- Security policy, National --- Government policy --- Crime prevention --- Criminal procedure --- Probation --- Punishment --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Military policy