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Understanding of the origin of species and their adaptability to new environments is one of the main questions in biology. This is fueled by the ongoing debate on species concepts and facilitated by the availability of an unprecedented large number of genomic resources. Genomes are organized into chromosomes, where significant variations in number and morphology are observed among species due to large-scale structural variants such as inversions, translocations, fusions, and fissions. This genomic reshuffling provides, in the long term, new chromosomal forms on which natural selection can act upon, contributing to the origin of biodiversity. This book contains mainly articles, reviews, and an opinion piece that explore numerous aspects of genome plasticity among taxa that will help in understanding the dynamics of genome composition, the evolutionary relationships between species and, in the long run, speciation.

cytogenetics --- sex chromosomes --- chromosome rearrangements --- genome plasticity --- centromere --- genome biology --- evolution --- BAC-clones --- chromosome painting --- Kirk’s Dikdik --- musk ox --- saola --- nilgai bull --- gaur --- satellite DNA --- genome architecture --- chromosome restructuring --- Robertsonian translocations --- satellite DNA transcription --- comparative genomic hybridization --- karyotype variability --- repetitive DNAs --- Robertsonian translocation --- Crocidura suaveolens --- shrews --- habitat specialist --- chromosomes --- chromosomal evolution --- B-chromosomes --- chromosomal polymorphism --- mtDNA --- Rallidae --- Psophiidae --- cytogenetic --- chromosome evolution --- phylogenetic --- Anopheles --- heterochromatin --- mosquito --- mitotic chromosome --- sex chromosome --- X chromosome --- aberrant sex determination --- comparative cytogenetics --- mandarin vole --- microdissection --- high-throughput sequencing --- rearrangements --- rodents --- Ellobius alaicus --- translocation --- non-homologous chromosome connections --- meiosis --- synaptonemal complex --- sex chromosome evolution --- karyotypic and molecular evolution --- genomic architecture of sexual development --- adaptation and natural selection --- genome organization and function --- nucleolar organizing region --- dosage compensation --- faster-X and faster-Z --- climate change and global warming --- reptilian vertebrates --- comparative fish cytogenetics --- cytotaxonomy --- chromosome banding --- East Asian cypriniform fishes --- FISH --- rDNA --- snDNA --- birds --- doves and pigeons --- genome organization --- macrochromosomes --- microchromosomes --- Robertsonian fusions --- distribution --- clinal analysis --- recombination --- sexual antagonism --- chromatin state --- n/a --- Kirk's Dikdik