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The Origins of Self explores the role that selfhood plays in defining human society, and each human individual in that society. It considers the genetic and cultural origins of self, the role that self plays in socialisation and language, and the types of self we generate in our individual journeys to and through adulthood.Edwardes argues that other awareness is a relatively early evolutionary development, present throughout the primate clade and perhaps beyond, but self-awareness is a product of the sharing of social models, something only humans appear to do. The self of which we are aware is not something innate within us, it is a model of our self produced as a response to the models of us offered to us by other people. Edwardes proposes that human construction of selfhood involves seven different types of self. All but one of them are internally generated models, and the only non-model, the actual self, is completely hidden from conscious awareness. We rely on others to tell us about our self, and even to let us know we are a self.

Philosophy of language

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The works address, from different perspectives, the category of subject as a crucial category of contemporary thought. The scope of concerns is wide: the perspective of the American philosopher S. Cavell who makes a very original reception of the heritage of Austin and Wittgenstein; Sartre's phenomenological perspective in dialogue and conflict with that of Lacanian psychoanalysis and the reconceptualisations of ideology made by Louis Althusser; the constitution of the subject in tension between the subjection to power and the possibilities of resistance according to the perspective of Judith Butler; a rereading of the implication of structure and subject in the structural perspective opened by Saussure and continued by Lévi-Strauss, Benveniste and Lacan, subject that receives a treatment circumscribed to the thought of the Argentine Ernesto Laclau, in which different stages are distinguished; the implications that the fundamental events of the history of the 20th century bring for a conceptualization of subjectivity in the perspective of Theodor Adorno and the limitations that the conceptualization of the work of art as a game in Gadamer's work imposes on the modern conception of the subjectivity.

language --- filosofía --- philosophy --- philosophy of language

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The link between language and thought formed a major new exploration of twentieth-century philosophy. Languages nuance our ideas and perceptions. Though from various angles, Heidegger, Derrida, Wittgenstein forged new ways of understanding the relationship between our views of the external world and our culturally and linguistically pre-determined modes of expression.Another giant in this field of exploration is the Romanian philosopher Constantin Noica (1909–1987), who has so far remained generally unknown to the Western World because of the Iron Curtain. The Romanian Sentiment of Being (Sentimentul românesc al ființei), first published in Romanian in 1978, is a philosophical work at the intersection of metaphysics and philosophy of language. The title of this book may be deceptive. “Romanian” does not mean ethnically circumscribed; it does not limit ontology to nationality but rather reflects on how language can carry ontological thought.The Romanian Sentiment of Being invites the readers to meditate on the fundamental theme of being and how it is expressed in a culture in time. This being in time marks the tension between moment and eternity, captured in the fairytale ""Ageless Youth and Deathless Life"" (""Tinerețe fără batrânețe și viață fără de moarte""), which Noica interprets in detail. The translation of the story will be found in the appendix. Noica also analyzes one of the most famous poems in Romanian, Mihai Eminescu’s ""The Evening Star"" (""Luceafărul""), and readers will find its translation in the appendix.

metaphysics;Mihai Eminescu;philosophy of language;Romance languages;Romanian Studies

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Die Schwierigkeit einer dialektischen Bestimmung der Reflexion gründet in dem Umstand, dass wir es mit einem Strukturbegriff des menschlichen Selbstverhältnisses, mit dem Ganzen des In-der-Welt-Seins zu tun haben und keineswegs mit einer transzendentalphilosophischen Begründung des Wissens. Daher übergreift der Reflexionsbegriff die menschliche Realität und wird zu einem Grundbegriff der Philosophie und die Philosophie zu einem Modell der Realität. Über die Problemstellungen bei Kleist, Kant, Fichte und Hölderlin wird der Leser zu Hegels Reflexionsbegriff geführt. Von ihm aus ist es möglich, zu einem objektiv-transzendentalen Reflexionsbegriff zu gelangen, der unter Berücksichtigung der Überlegungen von Goethe, Heidegger und Plessner schließlich im Reflexionsmodell von Hans Heinz Holz mündet: Reflexion ist Widerspiegelung.

Philosophy --- Epistemology. --- Philosophy of Language. --- Philosophy. --- Reflexion; Sprache; Sprachphilosophie; Erkenntnistheorie; Philosophie; Language; Philosophy of Language; Epistemology; Philosophy

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Das 20. Jahrhundert war durch eine radikale Rückbesinnung auf die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Sprache gekennzeichnet. Der neuzeitliche Traum einer restlosen Benennung des Weltganzen wird fraglich, wenn ihr Medium - die propositionale Aussagelogik - unter Verdacht gerät. Der Band wirft die brisante Frage auf, ob der für das Jahrhundert prägende linguistic turn nicht so sehr in einer Hinwendung, als vielmehr in einer »Abwendung« vom Sagen besteht, die sich in der Entsagungsgeste von Melvilles Bartleby emblematisch verkörpert. Einzelanalysen zu literarischen Strategien bei Mallarmé, Wittgenstein, Celan, Foucault, Adorno, Derrida, Lévinas u.a.m. führen vor, wie Unterlassen nicht nur ein kritisches, sondern auch stets ein schöpferisches Moment in sich birgt. Mit Beiträgen von Giorgio Agamben, Jean Clam, Rüdiger Zill u.v.a.m. »In der Zusammenschau ergeben die Texte ein komplexes Bild, das der tatsächlichen Pluralität von Krisen und Umgangsweisen entspricht.« Christian Grüny, Zeitschrift für Kulturphilosophie, 3 (2009) Besprochen in: Monatshefte, 102/4 (2010), Stefan Greif IASL online, 26.01.2009, Felix Christen www.kritikon.de, 18.02.2009, Jan Müller

Philosophy --- History of Philosophy. --- Literature. --- Philosophy of Language. --- Philosophy. --- Sprache; Philosophie; Literatur; Schweigen; Passivität; Sprachphilosophie; Philosophiegeschichte; Language; Philosophy; Literature; Philosophy of Language; History of Philosophy