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Condensed matter --- Phase transformations (Statistical physics) --- Condensed matter. --- Phase changes (Statistical physics) --- Phase transitions (Statistical physics) --- Phase rule and equilibrium --- Statistical physics --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids

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The theory of quantum chromo dynamics (QCD), an organic part of the standard model (SM) of particle physics, has been validated by many theoretical and experimental studies. The strongly coupled QCD dynamics controls colored particles’ (quarks and gluons) collective motion at large spacetime separations and the formation of colorless composite states (hadrons). While QCD theory and the related phenomenology aspects are being intensively studied in laboratory measurements, the possible connections of this important layer of knowledge to cosmology remain rather vague and largely unexplored. No doubt, the physical vacuum has been transformed many times throughout the lifetime of the universe and has affected its history through a sequence of events, such as the cosmic inflation, phase transitions, and the dark-energy-dominated expansion. Strong interactions could play an important role in some of these cosmological events. In particular, the emergence of a new state of matter called the quark-gluon plasma at the LHC is often suggested to provide an important source of empirical knowledge to what the universe looked like in the first few moments after the Big Bang. This Special Issue aims at creating an overview of the recent progress in these directions by focusing on the novel implications of quantum chromo, or more generally, Yang–Mills (YM) dynamics, to the physics of the early universe and critical phenomena in cosmology.

Research & information: general --- Physics --- dynamics of phase transitions --- spinodal instability --- heavy-ion collisions --- neutron stars --- dark energy --- non-Abelian gauge theory --- condensate --- QCD --- DGLAP equations --- physics beyond the standard model --- tensorgluons --- extended DGLAP equations --- tensorgluon splitting functions --- neutron star --- equation of state --- many-body methods of nuclear matter --- neutron-skin thickness --- GW170817 --- Weyl gravity --- renormalization group --- inflation --- light scalar fields --- axial anomaly --- SU(2) Yang–Mills thermodynamics --- de-percolation of axionic lumps --- cosmological and galactic dark-matter densities --- cosmology --- particle physics --- particle symmetry --- stable particles --- dark matter --- cosmic rays --- QCD in the early universe --- phase transitions --- hydrodynamical evolution --- equation of state of super-dense matter --- classical Yang-Mills fields --- Dark Energy --- Dark Matter --- gluon condensate --- effective Yang-Mills action --- cosmic inflation --- n/a --- SU(2) Yang-Mills thermodynamics --- Research. --- Physics.

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Chirality, or handedness, is a fundamental physical characteristic, which spans the length scales ranging from elementary particles to the chiral asymmetry of spiral galaxies. The way in which chirality in chemistry, or molecular handedness, may have emerged in a primitive terrestrial environment, and how it can be triggered, amplified, and transferred, are deeply challenging problems rooted in both fundamental scientific interests and the technological potentials for science and society. Chirality constitutes a unifying feature of the living world and is a prime driving force for molecular selection and genetic evolution in biology. In this book, we offer a selection of five distinct approaches to this problem by leading experts in the field. The selected topics range from protein chirality and its relevance to protein ageing, protein aggregation and neurodegeneration, entropy production associated with chiral symmetry breaking in closed systems, chiral oscillations in polymerization models involving higher-order oligomers, the mirror symmetry breaking in liquids and its implications for the development of homochirality in abiogenesis, the role of chirality in the chemical sciences, and some philosophical implications of chirality.

biochirality --- post-translational modifications --- protein folding --- protein aggregation --- spontaneous chemical reactions --- neurodegeneration --- non-equilibrium phase transitions --- chiral symmetry breaking --- entropy production --- closed systems --- nonequilibrium --- dissipative structures --- mirror symmetry breaking --- biological chirality --- liquid crystals --- proto-RNA --- networks --- compartmentalization --- chiral liquids --- cubic phases --- prebiotic chemistry --- chirality amplification --- helical self-assembly --- chiral oscillations --- spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking --- origin of homochirality --- absolute asymmetric synthesis --- biological homochirality --- chemical abiotic evolution --- chirality --- origin of life --- dissipative reaction systems

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This open access book introduces the science of the new materials, soft crystals, by showing various interesting examples. Different from conventional hard and stable crystals, the soft crystals respond to gentle stimuli such as vapor exposure and rubbing but maintain their structural order. In this book, their exhibition of remarkable visual changes in their shape, color, and luminescence is described. Through the chapters, historical background, recent remarkable developments, and future prospects are described concisely. This book helps readers to understand a new concept of materials that have the characteristics of stimulus-sensitive soft matter and finely controlled crystals and to design novel materials with the characteristics. The English translation of this book from its Japanese language original manuscript was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). The text has subsequently been revised further by a professional copy editor in order to refine the work stylistically.

Solid state chemistry. --- Soft condensed matter. --- Condensed matter. --- Crystallography. --- Materials science—Data processing. --- Electronic structure. --- Quantum chemistry—Computer programs. --- Solid-State Chemistry. --- Soft Materials. --- Phase Transitions and Multiphase Systems. --- Crystallography and Scattering Methods. --- Electronic Structure Calculations. --- Structure, Electronic --- Atomic structure --- Energy-band theory of solids --- Leptology --- Physical sciences --- Mineralogy --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids --- Matter, Soft (Condensed matter) --- Matter, Soft condensed --- Soft matter (Condensed matter) --- Condensed matter --- Complex fluids --- Chemistry, Solid state --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Crystals.

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This book contains a collection of twelve papers that reflect the state of the art of nonlinear differential equations in modern geometrical theory. It comprises miscellaneous topics of the local and nonlocal geometry of differential equations and the applications of the corresponding methods in hydrodynamics, symplectic geometry, optimal investment theory, etc. The contents will be useful for all the readers whose professional interests are related to nonlinear PDEs and differential geometry, both in theoretical and applied aspects.

adjoint-symmetry --- one-form --- symmetry --- vector field --- geometrical formulation --- nonlocal conservation laws --- differential coverings --- polynomial and rational invariants --- syzygy --- free resolution --- discretization --- differential invariants --- invariant derivations --- symplectic --- contact spaces --- Euler equations --- shockwaves --- phase transitions --- symmetries --- integrable systems --- Darboux-Bäcklund transformation --- isothermic immersions --- Spin groups --- Clifford algebras --- Euler equation --- quotient equation --- contact symmetry --- optimal investment theory --- linearization --- exact solutions --- Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation --- cylindrical and spherical waves --- saw-tooth solutions --- periodic boundary conditions --- head shock wave --- Navier–Stokes equations --- media with inner structures --- plane molecules --- water --- Levi–Civita connections --- Lagrangian curve flows --- KdV type hierarchies --- Darboux transforms --- Sturm–Liouville --- clamped --- hinged boundary condition --- spectral collocation --- Chebfun --- chebop --- eigenpairs --- preconditioning --- drift --- error control