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Annotation The role of major dietary omega-3 fatty acids (-3; -linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in human health has generated enormous scientific interest and many controversies in recent years. Due to a growing number of studies with conflicting or even negative clinical results, the former "hype" of -3 thought to be beneficial in many aspects of human health regardless of the physiological and clinical preconditions is now being critically re-evaluated, especially with respect to the potential role of -3 fatty acid supplementation in preventing a variety of diseases and clinical conditions. This critical view reflects the complex interaction of -3 with cell membranes and their integrated proteins mediating signal transduction, transport systems, and other processes. Moreover, -3 are precursors of bioactive metabolites, such as eicosanoids, lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins, and nitrolipids that influence several physiological and pathophysiological processes and their full spectrum of effects are only beginning to be defined. Finally, physiological and pathophysiological conditions as well as concomitant pharmacological treatments may influence the specific and non-specific actions of -3 supplementation.This Special Issue of the Journal of Clinical Medicine will emphasize the role and biological interactions of -3 with regard to cancer, psychiatric disorders, metabolic disorders and nutrition and will also reflect on some basic molecular and cellular mechanisms.

Fish oils in human nutrition. --- Omega-3 fatty acids.

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Depression, Mental --- Omega-3 fatty acids. --- Alternative treatment. --- N-3 fatty acids --- Omega-3 EFA --- Omega-3 essential fatty acids --- Unsaturated fatty acids --- High-omega-3 fatty acid diet

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In this Special Issue, we focus on maternal docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3 (DHA), and arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6 (ARA), on children’s neurodevelopment. During the last trimester of gestation and for the first 18 months after birth, both DHA and ARA are preferentially deposited within the cerebral cortex at a rapid rate. The mode of action of these two fatty acids and their derivatives at different structural–functional roles, and their levels in the signaling pathways of the brain have been continuously studied. These fatty acids are also involved in various brain developmental processes; however, their mechanistic cross talks are not yet clearly known. Recent data suggest that there may be a need for a balanced proportion of ARA and DHA in infant formula due to their complementary benefits. This review describes the importance of ARA in addition to DHA to support optimal brain development and growth in an infant, and functional roles in the brain.

maternal supplementation --- pregnancy --- lactation --- docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) --- neurodevelopment --- randomized controlled trial (RCT) --- India --- DHA --- brain --- MFSD2a --- SPM --- fetus --- placenta --- infant --- neurogenesis --- pre-term --- docosahexaenoic acid --- supplementation --- egg yolk --- microalgae --- long chain omega-3 fatty acids --- pregnancy outcomes --- anthropometry --- birth weight --- birth length --- head circumference --- arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 --- docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 --- maternal diet --- cognitive --- infants --- n/a

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Metabolomics has been a useful method for various study fields. However, its application in animal science does not seem to be sufficient. Metabolomics will be useful for various studies in animal science: Animal genetics and breeding, animal physiology, animal nutrition, animal products (milk, meat, eggs, and their by-products) and their processing, livestock environment, animal biotechnology, animal behavior, and animal welfare. More application examples and protocols for animal science will promote more motivation to use metabolomics effectively in the study field. Therefore, in this Special Issue, we introduced some research and review articles for “Metabolomic Applications in Anmal Science”. The main methods used were mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Not only a non-targeted, but also a targeted, analysis of metabolites is shown. The topics include dietary and pharmacological interventions and protocols for metabolomic experiments.

albumen --- breed --- chicken --- feed --- metabolome --- yolk --- arachidonic acid --- omega-3 fatty acids --- lipidomics --- mass spectrometry --- dietary fat --- fatty acid metabolism --- pork --- meat --- skeletal muscle --- fiber type --- cooking --- beef --- Wagyu --- Holstein --- captive giraffes --- urine --- metabolomics --- 1H-NMR --- NMR --- metabotype --- transition --- ketosis --- cattle --- chemometrics --- spectral correction --- authentication --- biomarker --- feeding --- meat quality traits --- metabolite --- postmortem aging --- processing --- chickens --- heat stress --- lipid peroxidation --- orotic acid --- feed efficiency --- biomarkers --- SNPs --- GWAS --- RFI --- pigs --- pathways --- metabolic profile --- transition period --- livestock --- methyl donor --- one-carbon metabolism --- negative energy balance --- pasture legumes --- phytoestrogens --- flavonoids --- coumestans --- polyphenols --- proanthocyanidins --- metabolic profiling --- biosynthesis --- linear model --- transcriptomics --- horse --- metabolomic --- metabolism --- exercise --- saliva --- anabolic practices --- testosterone --- plasma --- CE-TOFMS --- intramuscular fat --- meat quality --- porcine

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Metabolic syndrome is defined by a cluster of interrelated cardiovascular risk factors (hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and central adiposity), linked to a chronic, systemic, and low-grade inflammation, which severely increases the risk of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A growing body of evidence generated in the last decades has shown that not only the energy balance but also the macro-, micro-, and non-nutrient composition of the diet may influence the onset and progression of metabolic syndrome. However, further research is required to increase our understanding about the contribution of diet to metabolic syndrome prevention.

animal experimentation --- diet --- nutrition --- ingredients --- lard --- fibers --- fructose --- diet coloring --- autoclaving --- irradiation --- Passiflora setacea --- bioactive compounds --- phenolic compounds --- cardiovascular diseases --- nutrigenomics --- gene expression --- immune system --- cytokines --- insulin --- HDL --- diabetes mellitus --- dietary pattern --- metabotype --- metabolic phenotype --- Mediterranean Diet Score --- Alternate Healthy Eating Index --- atherosclerosis --- plaque burden --- lycopene --- tomato --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- cis- and trans-isomers --- nutrients --- hypertension --- blood pressure --- management --- prevention --- mitochondria --- metabolic syndrome --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- balanced diet --- lifestyle --- Mediterranean diet --- plant-based diet --- DASH diet --- low-carbohydrate diet --- high-protein diet --- low-fat diet --- omega-3 fatty acids --- metabolism --- inflammation --- atherothrombosis --- clinical trials --- legacy effect --- metabolic memory --- cardiovascular disease --- diabetes --- dyslipidaemia --- abdominal obesity --- animal protein --- protein intake --- Alpha-linolenic acid --- docosahexaenoic acid --- rumenic acid --- punicic acid --- enriched eggs --- waist circumference --- obesity