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Metals are necessary to maintaining living standards in modern society, due to their countless applications in transportation, building and construction, household appliances, electronic devices, etc. Therefore, humans' generation and consumption of metals is considerable, and demand is projected to skyrocket continuously as technology advances. Unfortunately, easily exploitable ore deposits have been depleted, which forces mining industries to develop complex ore deposits with low-grade and fine grain sizes to meet the high forecasted demand for metals. In general, metals can be extracted from ores in two ways; either by the concentration of valuable minerals via flotation followed by smelting, or by direct extraction of metals from ores via leaching followed by purification and recovery processes. The first stages in each scenario, flotation and leaching are, therefore, of crucial importance to ensuring the continued supply of metals. This book is a compilation of a Special Issue of Metals, entitled "Advances in Selective Flotation and Leaching Process in Metallurgy", where 12 papers contributed by experts in the area were published. Papers published in this Special Issue cover a wide range of topics, including flotation, microencapsulation, agglomeration, leaching, solvent extraction, electrowinning, precipitation, and cementation. All the papers are of high scientific value and will be of great interest to the readers of Metals.

Metallurgy.

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Boron is a chemical element with three valence electrons for forming covalent bonds, resulting in many compounds. Doping/integration of boron atoms into other atoms provides new wonder materials with unique physical, chemical, and electrical properties. This book provides an overview of the research and developments of boron-based materials such as boron nitride, boron clusters, boron doping, boron compounds, and so on. Chapters cover all aspects of boron-based materials including theoretical backgrounds of structure and properties, computer simulation, synthesis techniques, device fabrication, characterizations, and current state-of-the-art applications.

Metallurgy. --- Physical metallurgy.

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Pyrometallurgy is considered to be an environmentally friendly technology in processing of primary and secondary raw materials. The continuous development of pyrometallurgical processes to treat more complex raw materials requires direct support from fundamental research. In this reprint, 18 papers focusing on recent investigations into the existing and new pyrometallurgical processes such as recovery of cobalt through chlorination-volatilization, the extraction of tungsten from low-grade concentrates, copper and lead smelting, ironmaking, and steelmaking are collected. This reprint is expected to serve as a valuable reference for academia and the industry working on thermodynamics, kinetics, and technological optimization and development.

Pyrometallurgy. --- Metallurgy

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Electromagnetic field-assisted sintering techniques have increasingly attracted attention of scientists and technologists. Spark-plasma sintering (SPS) and other field-assisted powder consolidation approaches provide remarkable capabilities to the processing of materials into configurations previously unattainable. Of particular significance is the possibility of using very fast heating rates, which, coupled with the field-assisted mass transport, stand behind the purported ability to achieve high densities during consolidation and to maintain the nanostructure of consolidated materials via these techniques. Potentially, SPS and related technologies have many significant advantages over the conventional powder processing methods, including the lower process temperature, the shorter holding time, dramatically improved properties of sintered products, low manufacturing costs, and environmental friendliness.

Powder metallurgy.

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Vacuum electron devices at frequencies of millimeter waves and terahertz play highly important roles in the modern high-data rate and broadband communication systems, high-resolution detection and imaging, medical diagnostics, magnetically confined nuclear fusion, etc. For the fast motion velocity of electrons in the vacuum medium, they have the advantages of high power and high efficiency, as well as compactness, compared with other present radiation sources, such as solid-state devices.We established the Special Issue of "High-Frequency Vacuum Electron Devices" with the aim of enhancing the exchange of research information on the theory, design, simulation, processes, and development of these devices to promote their applications, and to attract young researchers and engineers starting out in this important field, which is still vital on the basis of modern electronic science and information technology.

Vacuum metallurgy. --- Vacuum metallurgy --- Technological innovations. --- History.