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Examining the general impact of the Controlled Languages rules in the context of Machine Translation has been an area of research for many years. The present study focuses on the following question: How do the Controlled Language (CL) rules impact the Machine Translation (MT) output individually? Analyzing a German corpus-based test suite of technical texts that have been translated into English by different MT systems, the study endeavors to answer this question at different levels: the general impact of CL rules (rule- and system-independent), their impact at rule level (system-independent), their impact at system level (rule-independent), and at rule and system level. The results of five MT systems (a rule-based system, a statistical system, two differently constructed hybrid systems, and a neural system) are analyzed and contrasted. For this, a mixed-methods triangulation approach that includes error annotation, human evaluation, and automatic evaluation was applied. The data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively based on the following parameters: number and type of MT errors, style and content quality, and scores from two automatic evaluation metrics. In line with many studies, the results show a general positive impact of the applied CL rules on the MT output. However, at rule level, only four rules proved to have positive effects on all parameters; three rules had negative effects on the parameters; and two rules did not show any significant impact. At rule and system level, the rules affected the MT systems differently, as expected. Some rules that had a positive impact on earlier MT approaches did not show the same impact on the neural MT approach. Furthermore, the neural MT delivered distinctly better results than earlier MT approaches, namely the highest error-free, style and content quality rates both before and after the rules application, which indicates that the neural MT offers a promising solution that no longer requires CL rules for improving the MT output, what in turn allows for a more natural style.

Machine translating.

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This volume of the series “Translation and Multilingual Natural Language Processing” includes most of the papers presented at the Workshop “Language Technology for a Multilingual Europe”, held at the University of Hamburg on September 27, 2011 in the framework of the conference GSCL 2011 with the topic “Multilingual Resources and Multilingual Applications”, along with several additional contributions. In addition to an overview article on Machine Translation and two contributions on the European initiatives META-NET and Multilingual Web, the volume includes six full research articles. Our intention with this workshop was to bring together various groups concerned with the umbrella topics of multilingualism and language technology, especially multilingual technologies. This encompassed, on the one hand, representatives from research and development in the field of language technologies, and, on the other hand, users from diverse areas such as, among others, industry, administration and funding agencies. The Workshop “Language Technology for a Multilingual Europe” was co-organised by the two GSCL working groups “Text Technology” and “Machine Translation” (http://gscl.info) as well as by META-NET (http://www.meta-net.eu).

Alemán --- Machine translating --- Computational linguistics --- Congresses. --- Linguistics

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Translation and post-editing can often be categorised as problem-solving activities. When the translation of a source text unit is not immediately obvious to the translator, or in other words, if there is a hurdle between the source item and the target item, the translation process can be considered problematic. Conversely, if there is no hurdle between the source and target texts, the translation process can be considered a task-solving activity and not a problem-solving activity.his study investigates whether machine translated output influences problem-solving effort in internet research, syntax, and other problem indicators and whether the effort can be linked to expertise. A total of 24 translators (twelve professionals and twelve semi-professionals) produced translations from scratch from English into German, and (monolingually) post-edited machine translation output for this study. The study is part of the CRITT TPR-DB database.

Linguistics --- Translation & interpretation --- Translation. --- Linguistic science --- Science of language --- Language and languages --- Translating and interpreting --- Problem Solving --- Machine translating --- Editing --- English language - Translating into German

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La traduction automatique (T.A.) paraît une gageure, et pourtant elle est utilisée par de grands organismes internationaux et par d’importantes industries. Elle a été le sujet de nombreuses controverses tant scientifiques qu’économiques. Les opinions sont multiples mais les faits existent. Cet ouvrage présente l’histoire de la T.A. et les différents systèmes. On y discute des problèmes linguistiques (lexique, morphologie, syntaxe, style) posés par la T.A. telle qu’elle est pratiquée en Europe. Ce n’est pas un ouvrage technique sur l’analyse ou la génération de textes. C’est une réflexion sur la lecture et l’utilisation des documents produits par T.A. L’application de la T.A. à l’enseignement et à la recherche ainsi que la signification épistémologique du traitement automatique multilingue font partie de cette réflexion générale. Ce livre s’adresse tant aux linguistes qu’à un vaste public non spécialisé.

Translation science --- Machine translating. --- Traduction automatique --- Automatic translating --- Computer translating --- Electronic translating --- Mechanical translating --- Algorithms --- Applied linguistics --- Artificial intelligence --- Natural language generation (Computer science) --- Information theory --- Translating and interpreting --- Cross-language information retrieval --- Translating machines --- traduction --- automatisation --- littérature --- information

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The contributions to this volume investigate relations of cohesion and coherence as well as instantiations of discourse phenomena and their interaction with information structure in multilingual contexts. Some contributions concentrate on procedures to analyze cohesion and coherence from a corpus-linguistic perspective. Others have a particular focus on textual cohesion in parallel corpora that include both originals and translated texts. Additionally, the papers in the volume discuss the nature of cohesion and coherence with implications for human and machine translation. The contributors are experts on discourse phenomena and textuality who address these issues from an empirical perspective. The chapters in this volume are grounded in the latest research making this book useful to both experts of discourse studies and computational linguistics, as well as advanced students with an interest in these disciplines. We hope that this volume will serve as a catalyst to other researchers and will facilitate further advances in the development of cost-effective annotation procedures, the application of statistical techniques for the analysis of linguistic phenomena and the elaboration of new methods for data interpretation in multilingual corpus linguistics and machine translation

E-books --- Cohesie ( tekstlinguïstiek). --- Cohesion (Linguistics). --- Corpus linguistics. --- Machine translating. --- Translating and interpreting. --- Vertaalkunde. --- Vertaalwetenschap. --- Vertalen en corpuslinguïstiek. --- Vertalen en tekstcoherentie. --- Vertalen en tekstlinguïstiek. --- Linguistics --- Philology. --- Computational linguistics. --- Translating and interpreting --- Translating. --- Interpretation and translation --- Interpreting and translating --- Language and languages --- Literature --- Translation and interpretation --- Translators --- Automatic language processing --- Language data processing --- Natural language processing (Linguistics) --- Applied linguistics --- Cross-language information retrieval --- Mathematical linguistics --- Multilingual computing --- Linguistic science --- Science of language --- Translating --- Data processing --- German language. --- German literature --- Yiddish language --- Yiddish language in literature. --- Fiction. --- Usage. --- German Hebrew --- Hebreo-German language --- Jewish language --- Jiddisch language --- Judaeo-German language (Yiddish) --- Judeo-German language (Yiddish) --- Jews --- Ashkenazic German language --- Hochdeutsch --- Judaeo-German language (German) --- Judendeutsch language --- Judeo-German language (German) --- Jüdisch-Deutsch language --- Jüdischdeutsch language --- Germanic languages --- Languages --- human and machine translation --- coherence --- corpus-linguistics --- parallel corpora --- information structure --- discource phenomena --- cohesion --- Coreference --- Grammaticalization --- Invasive species --- Multilingualism --- Part of speech --- Syntax --- Target text