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Understanding the patterns of biodiversity and their relationship with environmental gradients is a key issue in ecological research and conservation in forests. Several environmental factors can influence species distributions in these complex ecosystems. It is therefore important to distinguish the effects of natural factors from the anthropogenic ones (e.g., environmental pollution, climate change, and forest management) by adopting reliable models able to predict future scenarios of species distribution. In the last 20 years, the use of statistical tools, such as Species Distribution Models (SDM) or Ecological Niche Models (ENM), allowed researchers to make great strides in the subject, with hundreds of scientific research works in this field. This book collects several research articles where these methodological approaches are the starting point to deepen the knowledge in many timely and emerging topics in forest ecosystems around the world, from Eurasia to America.

Dominant species --- Relative groups --- Phylogenetic distance --- Quantitative distribution --- Phylogenetic relationships --- Permutation test --- climate change --- Euscaphis japonica --- forest management --- GARP --- Maxent --- potential suitable habitat --- old-growth --- quadrat counts --- tree diameters --- tree distribution patterns --- species count data --- mixed forests --- Charcoal --- Ecological Niche Model --- Forest History --- Last Glacial Maximum --- Paleoecology --- Pinus nigra --- Pinus mugo/uncinata --- Pinus sylvestris --- Quercus pubescens --- endangered --- species geographic distribution modeling --- conservation --- protected areas --- biodiversity --- ecological sustainability --- fine-filter approach --- geographical information systems --- habitat restoration --- habitat suitability model --- indicator species --- pressure–state–response model --- stand structure --- ecological modelling --- Mediterranean area --- future spatial projection --- silviculture --- Eucalyptus --- biomod2 --- species distribution models --- habitat --- climatic change --- biodiversity conservation --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- epiphytic macrolichens --- growth rates --- humid forest --- habitat quality --- soil moisture --- aridization --- Carabidae --- species distribution --- spatial modeling --- forest formation --- association group --- ecological-phytocoenotic classification --- MaxEnt --- SDMtoolbox --- Moscow Region --- Landsat --- amphibian --- dispersal --- beta diversity --- ephemeral wetland --- zooplankton --- macroinvertebrate --- variation partitioning --- forested wetland --- sexual reproduction --- vegetative propagules --- functional traits --- n/a --- pressure-state-response model

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This volume contains a series of papers prepared for presentation at the 14th International Coral Reef Symposium, originally planned for July 2020 in Bremen, Germany, but postponed until 2021 (online) and 2022 (in person) because of the COVID-19 pandemic. It contains a series of papers illustrating the breadth of modern studies on coral reefs and the response of the reef science community to the threats that coral reefs now face, above all from climate change. The first group of papers focus on the biology of a selection of reef organisms, ranging from sea fans to coral dwelling crabs. The next group describe studies of coral communities and ecological interactions in regions as diverse as Florida, Kenya, Colombia, and Norway. Further papers describe investigations into the effects of global warming (in the Maldives and in Timor-Leste) and of other impacts (UV blockers, ocean acidification). The final two papers describe the latest applications of satellite and camera technology to the challenge of mapping and monitoring reefs.

coral reefs --- cox1 --- H3 --- crustacea --- molecular systematics --- morphotypes --- Cassiopea xamachana --- C. frondosa --- Scyphozoan --- planulae --- settlement --- metamorphosis --- oxybenzone --- Gnathiidae --- Isopoda --- climate change --- ocean warming --- coral bleaching --- Great Barrier Reef --- Coral Triangle --- marine biomineralization --- inorganic mineralization --- ocean acidification (OA) --- omega --- dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) --- extracellular calcifying fluid (ECF) --- Maldives --- Indian Ocean --- El Niño --- mass coral bleaching --- coral mortality --- benthic cover --- satellite --- superspectral --- VHR --- topobathymetry --- LULC --- SUSC --- Moorea Island --- long-term mortality series --- population dynamics --- mass mortality --- octocorals --- habitat forming species --- extinction --- survival --- equilibrium points --- symbiodiniaceae --- zoantharians --- Trinidad coral reefs --- zooxanthellate --- biogeography --- Jaffna Peninsula --- coral mortality index --- DNA barcoding --- phylogeny --- biodiversity --- conservation --- ocean acidification --- carbonate chemistry dynamics --- biogeochemical dynamics --- in situ monitoring --- natural variability of environmental conditions --- Lophelia pertusa --- structural complexity --- coral reef --- Caribbean --- overfishing --- parrotfish --- Seaflower Biosphere Reserve --- reef ecology --- reef fish --- structure associations --- artificial structures --- symbiotic algae --- dinoflagellates --- Madagascar --- symbiosis --- coral reef ecosystem --- coral reef resilience --- global warming --- indicator species --- coral reef monitoring --- reef health --- review --- hyperspectral imaging --- marine optics --- ENSO --- temperature --- stable isotope --- coral disease --- coral health --- nutrients --- Indonesian ThroughFlow