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Detailed information on the gravitational effect of the Earth’s topographic and isostatic masses can be calculated by gravity forward modeling. Within this book, the tesseroid-based Rock-Water-Ice (RWI) approach is developed, which allows a rigorous separate modeling of the Earth’s rock, water, and ice masses with variable density values. Besides a discussion and evaluation of the RWI approach, applications in the context of the GOCE satellite mission and height system unification are presented.

Vorwärtsmodellierung --- Rock-Water-Ice approach --- Satellitenmission GOCE --- Gravity forward modeling --- Height system unification --- Tesseroids --- Vereinheitlichung von Höhensystemen --- Tesseroide --- Rock-Water-Ice Ansatz --- GOCE satellite mission

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Dear Colleagues, The composition, structure and function of forest ecosystems are the key features characterizing their ecological properties, and can thus be crucially shaped and changed by various biotic and abiotic factors on multiple spatial scales. The magnitude and extent of these changes in recent decades calls for enhanced mitigation and adaption measures. Remote sensing data and methods are the main complementary sources of up-to-date synoptic and objective information of forest ecology. Due to the inherent 3D nature of forest ecosystems, the analysis of 3D sources of remote sensing data is considered to be most appropriate for recreating the forest’s compositional, structural and functional dynamics. In this Special Issue of Forests, we published a set of state-of-the-art scientific works including experimental studies, methodological developments and model validations, all dealing with the general topic of 3D remote sensing-assisted applications in forest ecology. We showed applications in forest ecology from a broad collection of method and sensor combinations, including fusion schemes. All in all, the studies and their focuses are as broad as a forest’s ecology or the field of remote sensing and, thus, reflect the very diverse usages and directions toward which future research and practice will be directed.

normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) --- SRTMGL1 --- SPOT-6 --- urban ecology --- terrestrial laser scanner --- Lantana camara --- terrestrial laser scanning --- harvester --- product recovery --- imputation --- optimization --- multi-spectral --- function --- ZiYuan-3 stereo images --- spatial noise --- 3D remote sensing --- tree measurement --- diameter at breast height (DBH) --- DSM --- metabolic scale theory --- municipal forestry --- digital photogrammetry --- Norway spruce --- missing observations --- interrater agreement --- measurement error --- stump height --- Fractional cover analysis --- google earth engine --- high-voltage power transmission lines --- habitat fragmentation --- codispersion coefficient --- forest fire --- tree height --- nu SVR --- RapidEye --- uneven-aged mountainous --- random Hough transform --- kriging --- street trees --- ground validation --- Google Street View --- laser --- species identification --- composition --- maximum forest heights --- mountainous areas --- landscape fragmentation --- Landsat 8 --- forest canopy height --- allometric scaling and resource limitation model --- urban forestry --- point cloud --- GSV --- stump diameter --- structure --- 3D --- codispersion map --- forest ecology --- polarimetery --- crowdsourced data

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This Special Issue (SI), entitled "Applications of Remote Sensing Data in Mapping of Forest Growing Stock and Biomass”, resulted from 13 peer-reviewed papers dedicated to Forestry and Biomass mapping, characterization and accounting. The papers' authors presented improvements in Remote Sensing processing techniques on satellite images, drone-acquired images and LiDAR images, both aerial and terrestrial. Regarding the images’ classification models, all authors presented supervised methods, such as Random Forest, complemented by GIS routines and biophysical variables measured on the field, which were properly georeferenced. The achieved results enable the statement that remote imagery could be successfully used as a data source for regression analysis and formulation and, in this way, used in forestry actions such as canopy structure analysis and mapping, or to estimate biomass. This collection of papers, presented in the form of a book, brings together 13 articles covering various forest issues and issues in forest biomass calculation, constituting an important work manual for those who use mixed GIS and RS techniques.

AGB estimation and mapping --- mangroves --- UAV LiDAR --- WorldView-2 --- terrestrial laser scanning --- above-ground biomass --- nondestructive method --- DBH --- bark roughness --- Landsat dataset --- forest AGC estimation --- random forest --- spatiotemporal evolution --- aboveground biomass --- variable selection --- forest type --- machine learning --- subtropical forests --- Landsat 8 OLI --- seasonal images --- stepwise regression --- map quality --- subtropical forest --- urban vegetation --- biomass estimation --- Sentinel-2A --- Xuzhou --- forest biomass estimation --- forest inventory data --- multisource remote sensing --- biomass density --- ecosystem services --- trade-off --- synergy --- multiple ES interactions --- valley basin --- norway spruce --- LiDAR --- allometric equation --- individual tree detection --- tree height --- diameter at breast height --- GEOMON --- ALOS-2 L band SAR --- Sentinel-1 C band SAR --- Sentinel-2 MSI --- ALOS DSM --- stand volume --- support vector machine for regression --- ordinary kriging --- forest succession --- leaf area index --- plant area index --- machine learning algorithms --- forest growing stock volume --- SPOT6 imagery --- Pinus massoniana plantations --- sentinel 2 --- landsat --- remote sensing --- GIS --- shrubs biomass --- bioenergy --- vegetation indices

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Volcanoes release plumes of gas and ash to the atmosphere during episodes of passive and explosive behavior. These ejecta have important implications for the chemistry and composition of the troposphere and stratosphere, with the capacity to alter Earth's radiation budget and climate system over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Volcanogenic sulphur dioxide reacts to form sulphate aerosols, which increase global albedo, e.g., by reducing surface temperatures, in addition to perturbing the formation processes and optical properties of clouds. Released halogen species can also deplete stratospheric and tropospheric ozone. Volcanic degassing, furthermore, played a key role in the formation of Earth’s atmosphere, and volcanic plumes can affect air quality, pose hazards to aviation and human health, as well as damage ecosystems. The chemical compositions and emission rates of volcanic plumes are also monitored via a range of direct-sampling and remote-sensing instrumentation, in order to gain insights into subterranean processes, in the respect of the magmatic bodies these volatiles exsolve from. Given the significant role these gases play in driving volcanic activity, e.g., via pressurisation, the study of volcanic plumes is proving to be an increasingly fruitful means of improving our understanding of volcanic systems, potentially in concert with observations from geophysics and contributions from fluid dynamical modelling of conduit dynamics.

n/a --- radioactive disequilibria 210Pb-210Bi-210Po --- volcanic geochemistry --- radiative transfer --- spherical-cap bubble --- plume --- satellite remote sensing --- portable photometry --- puffing --- Holuhraun --- interdisciplinary volcanology --- gas slug --- atmospheric remote sensing --- analysis software --- gases --- image processing --- remote sensing --- SEVIRI data --- oxygen and sulfur multi-isotopes --- nonlinear spectral unmixing --- UV cameras --- ultraviolet cameras --- cloud height --- atmospheric chemistry --- Python 2.7 --- degassing processes --- volcanic plumes --- fissure eruption --- radiative forcing --- basaltic volcanism --- volcanic plume top height --- O3 --- eruption start and duration --- Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) --- volcanic emissions --- volcanology --- volcanic CO2 flux --- volcanic aerosols --- 2011–2015 Etna lava fountains --- SO2 --- reactive halogen --- nonlinear PCA --- gas --- Etna volcano --- geochemical modelling --- BrO --- volcanic sulfate aerosols --- volcanic gases --- SSA --- hyperspectral remote sensing --- time averaged discharge rate --- eruption monitoring --- Bárðarbunga --- strombolian --- aerosol optical properties --- Mount Etna --- Taylor bubble --- 2011-2015 Etna lava fountains --- Bárðarbunga

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The book ""Quality and Production of Forage"" is intended to keep readers updatedon the developments occurring in this field. As it is apparent that livestockanimals are important throughout the world because of the meat, milk and eggthey produce, knowledge about the forages available to animals must also beconsidered for increased production, quality and efficiency. This book providesinformation that readers will find considerably invaluable about forage feeds, suchas grass, legumes, and straw. The book is composed of ten papers, focusing on awide range of research activities and topics that feature the following concepts offorage: the effect of conservation method on forage protein value; Microbial thecomposition and mycotoxin content in forage; genetic diversity of forages; timelysowing to maximize yield for both grain and biomass; ensiling treatments onforage quality; the qualitative characteristics of different accessions of new foragespecies; forage policy influencing feed costs; feeding forage on animal health;high-protein tropical forages as alternative sources for poultry; impact of foragesin poultry diet and significance of forages in sustainable poultry productionsystems. This book will be an invaluable reference for students and professionalsin agricultural science and grassland and animal husbandry researches.

annual clover --- corn --- plant height --- forage production --- feed costs --- wilting --- population density --- Moringa oleifera --- alfalfa --- livestock --- digestibility --- hay --- sowing date --- biomass production --- clover --- tropical forages --- sustainability --- alternative protein --- plant --- animal --- dry matter --- genetic diversity --- chicken --- zearalenone --- production system --- forage --- energy balance --- grain yield --- nutritional composition --- deoxynivalenol --- grass --- silage --- policy --- path analysis --- poultry --- in vitro organic matter digestibility --- nitrogen --- nitrogen balance --- beneficial use --- lucerne --- forage yield --- anti-nutritional factors --- N fixation --- fungi --- planting --- markers --- crude protein --- epiphytic microflora