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German language

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German language.

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This thesis examines the relationship between the syntax model and lexical valence properties using the family of tree adjunct grammars (TAG) and using the phenomena of coherence and ellipse. Like most prominent syntax models, TAG operates an amalgamation of syntax and valence, which often leads to realization idealizations. It is shown, however, that TAG avoids certain realization idealizations and can directly represent discontinuity in coherence; that TAG can be used for a linguistically meaningful analysis of coherent constructions despite the fact that, despite the significantly limited expressiveness compared to GB, LFG and HPSG; that the TAG - Derivation tree is a sufficiently informative reference value for indirect gapping modelling. Finally, a tree-based syntax model, STUG, is proposed for the direct representation of gapping structures, in which syntax and valence are separated but linked.

German language --- Syntax.

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Velar Fronting (VF) is the name for any synchronic or diachronic phonological process shifting the velar place of articulation to the palatal region of the vocal tract. A well-known case of VF in Standard German is the rule specifying that the fricative [x] assimilates to [ç] after front segments. VF also refers to the change from velar sounds like [ɣ k g ŋ] to palatals ([ʝ c ɟ ɲ]). The book provides a thorough investigation of VF in German dialects: Data are drawn from over 300 original sources for varieties that are (or were) spoken in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and other countries. VF differs geographically along three parameters: (A) triggers, (B) targets, and (C) outputs. VF triggers (=A) are typically defined according to vowel height: In some systems VF is induced only by high front vowels, in others by high and mid front vowels, and in yet others by high, mid, and low front vowels. Some varieties treat consonants ([r l n]) as triggers, while others do not. VF can be nonassimilatory, in which case the rule applies even in the context of back segments. In many varieties of German, VF targets (=B) consist of the two fricatives [x ɣ], but in other dialects the targets comprise [x] but not [ɣ]. In some places, VF affects not only [x ɣ], but also velar stops and the velar nasal. The output of VF (=C) is typically palatal [ç] (given the input [x]), but in many other places it is the alveolopalatal [ɕ]. A major theme is the way in which VF interacts with synchronic and diachronic changes creating or eliminating structures which can potentially undergo it or trigger it. In many dialects the relationship between velars ([x]) and palatals ([ҫ]) is transparent because velars only occur in the back vowel context and palatals only when adjacent to front sounds. In that type of system, independent processes can either feed VF (by creating additional structures which the latter can undergo), or they can bleed it (by eliminating potential structures to which VF could apply). In other dialects, VF is opaque. In one opaque system, both velars ([x]) and palatals ([ҫ]) surface in the context of front segments. Thus, in addition to expected front vowel plus palatal sequences ([ ... iç ... ]), there are also unexpected ones consisting of front vowel plus velar ([ ... ix ... ]). In a second type of opaque system, velars and palatals are found in the context of back segments; hence, expected sequences such as [ ... iç ... ] occur in addition to unexpected ones like [...ɑç...].

German language --- Phonology.

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"KiMu - Kinder als Musiker" nennt sich ein Klassenmusizierprojekt an Südtiroler Grundschulen. Im Rahmen einer empirischen Studie in Kooperation zwischen der Freien Universität Bozen und der Hochschule für Musik und Theater Leipzig wurden drei Unterrichtseinheiten videographiert und inklusive Qualitäten des Musikunterrichts mit Hilfe von hoch und niedrig inferenten qualitativen For-schungsverfahren herausgearbeitet. Dabei werden Einblicke in die Leitdimensionen inklusiver Unterrichtspraxis gewonnen und diese mit dem theoretischen Rahmen der Resonanztheorie interpretiert.

German language --- Verb.