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This year's winter gas season opens with extreme natural gas price levels and volatility, caused by unprecedented uncertainty of supply as Russia steeply curtails its pipeline deliveries to Europe. The result is considerable market tension in alternative sources of supply. Security of supply has become a top priority in Europe and other importing regions as a total cut-off in Russian flows to Europe cannot be ruled out, creating further tensions and demand destruction for all competing LNG importers.The gas crisis triggered by Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has caused a series of market adjustments. European buyers have strongly increased their LNG procurement, resulting in market tightening and demand destruction in various importing regions. This has also had a visible impact on LNG contracting behaviours, with a return to more traditional features such as fixed-destination and longer-duration contracts. The European Union, whose member states are directly exposed to the threat of further supply cuts, has adopted a number of measures to enhance security of supply and market resilience ahead of the coming winter.This quarterly report includes the IEA's annual Global Gas Security Review and an analysis of short-term gas market evolution to 2023.

Natural gas. --- Gas as fuel. --- Gas industry.

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This Technical Assistance report reviews South Africa’s tax system and also examines the fiscal regime with a view to generating a sustainable revenue contribution from mining and petroleum in future. Mining has historically been the mainstay of the South African economy. Mineral exports remain the principal contributor to foreign exchange earnings on the current account. South Africa is not yet a significant producer of crude oil or natural gas. Oil and gas exploration nevertheless shows promise. Taxation is far from top of the list in current challenges facing the development of extractive industries in South Africa. The national goal of economic and social transformation in favor of Historically Disadvantaged South Africans has major impact on the mining sector.

Mineral industries --- Petroleum as fuel --- Gas as fuel. --- Fiscal policy --- Corporations --- Natural gas as fuel --- Fossil fuels --- Fuel oil --- Mazut --- Oil as fuel --- Oil-fuel --- Business corporations --- C corporations --- Corporations, Business --- Corporations, Public --- Limited companies --- Publicly held corporations --- Publicly traded corporations --- Public limited companies --- Stock corporations --- Subchapter C corporations --- Business enterprises --- Corporate power --- Disincorporation --- Stocks --- Trusts, Industrial --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Government policy --- Investments: Energy --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Natural Resource Extraction --- Natural Resources --- Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: General --- Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Energy: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Extractive industries --- Environmental management --- Investment & securities --- Public finance & taxation --- Mining sector --- Non-renewable resources --- Personal income --- Oil --- Capital spending --- Economic sectors --- Environment --- National accounts --- Commodities --- Expenditure --- Natural resources --- Income --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Capital investments --- South Africa