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This book deals with gamma radiation in many fields, which encompasses diverse factors that affect human and animal life inside an environment. These fields include nuclear and medical physics, industrial processes, environmental sciences, radiation biology, radiation chemistry, radiotherapy, agriculture and forestry, sterilization, the food industry, and so on. The book covers an overview of gamma background radiations and measurements, radioactive decay, radioecological applications in environmental gamma dosimetry, gamma-ray interaction, monocolor gamma, influence of gamma radiation on dynamical mechanical properties, influence of low-dose gamma irradiation treatments on microbial decontamination, gamma-ray ionization enhancement in tissues, gas-filled surge arresters, modeling plastic deformation located in irradiated materials, radiotherapy, application of radiation and genetic engineering techniques, and gamma-ray measurements using unmanned aerial systems. This book is expected to benefit undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, teachers, practitioners, policy makers, and every individual who has a concern for a healthy life.
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Gamma radiation has been discovered since more than a century and contributed in many achievements in human life. Continuous developments make it necessary to have more understandings and more discussions about well-established concepts as well as newly implemented hypothesis and applications of gamma rays. This book presents new visions of gamma ray spectrometry and applications. I hope this book can present part of the useful applications of gamma rays.
Gamma rays. --- Gamma radiation --- Electromagnetic waves --- Ionizing radiation --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- High Energy Physics --- Nuclear Physics --- Physics
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An important, open research topic today is to understand the relevance that dark matter halo substructure may have for dark matter searches. In the standard cosmological model, halo substructure or subhalos are predicted to be largely abundant inside larger halos, for example, galaxies such as ours, and are thought to form first and later merge to form larger structures. Dwarf satellite galaxies—the most massive exponents of halo substructure in our own galaxy—are already known to be excellent targets for dark matter searches, and indeed, they are constantly scrutinized by current gamma-ray experiments in the search for dark matter signals. Lighter subhalos not massive enough to have a visible counterpart of stars and gas may be good targets as well, given their typical abundances and distances. In addition, the clumpy distribution of subhalos residing in larger halos may boost the dark matter signals considerably. In an era in which gamma-ray experiments possess, for the first time, the exciting potential to put to test the preferred dark matter particle theories, a profound knowledge of dark matter astrophysical targets and scenarios is mandatory should we aim for accurate predictions of dark matter-induced fluxes for investing significant telescope observing time on selected targets and for deriving robust conclusions from our dark matter search efforts. In this regard, a precise characterization of the statistical and structural properties of subhalos becomes critical. In this Special Issue, we aim to summarize where we stand today on our knowledge of the different aspects of the dark matter halo substructure; to identify what are the remaining big questions, and how we could address these; and, by doing so, to find new avenues for research.
gamma rays --- indirect searches. --- semi-analytic modeling --- cosmological model --- indirect dark matter searches --- particle dark matter --- indirect detection --- gamma-rays and neutrinos --- galactic subhalos --- indirect searches --- statistical data analysis --- subhalo boost --- dark matter halos --- halo substructure --- structure formation --- dark matter annihilation --- dark matter searches --- dwarf spheroidal satellite galaxies --- galactic sub-halos --- subhalos --- dwarf spheroidal galaxies --- gamma-rays --- cosmological N-body simulations --- dark matter
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It is common believe that the centers of all galaxies exhibit supermassive black holes with masses ranging from millions up to billions of the mass of our Sun. By accreting surrounding matter, the luminosity of these galactic nuclei can outshine the emission of their host galaxies. If this is the case, they are called active galactic nuclei. Some of these objects eject powerful outflows composed of plasma, called jets. These jets can produce non-thermal radiation which observable across the entire electromagnetic spectrum from radio up to the gamma-ray frequencies. At highest frequencies (TeV range) most of the detected active galaxies have jets directed along or close to the line of sight. However, also galaxies with larger angles to the line of sight showing fascinating features were discovered, in seeming contradiction to traditional models for these so-called radio galaxies. Thus, the latter are of particular importance for understanding active galactic nuclei in general. This Special Issue contains reviews and research articles about the current knowledge of radio galaxies at TeV energies, including observational results and theoretical models. It is intended to guide the interested reader deeper into this fascinating discipline of modern day astronomy.
radiation mechanisms: non-thermal --- emission: non-thermal --- 3C 84 --- radio galaxies --- TeV ?-rays --- X-rays: binaries --- general relativity --- jets --- Centaurus A --- light curve --- particle acceleration --- galaxies: active --- discrete correlation function --- relativistic processes ISM: jets and outflows --- VLBA --- origin: jet --- stars: black holes --- GeV ?-rays --- galaxies: jets --- magnetohydrodynamics --- active galactic nuclei --- radio galaxy --- origin: black hole --- TeV emission --- radio interferometry --- gamma-rays --- gamma-rays: observation --- gamma-rays: theory --- active galactic nucleus
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This book summarizes the science to be carried out by the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array, a major ground-based gamma-ray observatory that will be constructed over the next six to eight years. The major scientific themes, as well as core program of key science projects, have been developed by the CTA Consortium, a collaboration of scientists from many institutions worldwide. CTA will be the major facility in high-energy and very high-energy photon astronomy over the next decade and beyond. CTA will have capabilities well beyond past and present observatories. Thus, CTA's science program is expected to be rich and broad and will complement other major multiwavelength and multimessenger facilities. This book is intended to be the primary resource for the science case for CTA and it thus will be of great interest to the broader physics and astronomy communities. The electronic version (e-book) is available in open access.
Gamma ray astronomy. --- Astronomy. --- Cherenkov Telescope Array (Observatory) --- Astronomy --- Space astronomy --- CTA (Observatory) --- Gamma Rays --- Astrophysics --- Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) --- Cherenkov Telescopes --- Astroparticle Physics --- Multiwavelength --- Multimessenger --- Dark Matter
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This volume celebrates the 30th anniversary of the first very-high energy (VHE) gamma-ray Source detection: the Crab Nebula, observed by the pioneering ground-based Cherenkov telescope Whipple, at teraelectronvolts (TeV) energies, in 1989. As we entered a new era in TeV astronomy, with the imminent start of operations of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) and new facilities such as LHAASO and the proposed Southern Wide-Field Gamma-ray Observatory (SWGO), we conceived of this volume as a broad reflection on how far we have evolved in the astrophysics topics that dominated the field of TeV astronomy for much of recent history.In the past two decades, H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS pushed the field of TeV astronomy, consolidating the field of TeV astrophysics, from few to hundreds of TeV emitters. Today, this is a mature field, covering almost every topic of modern astrophysics. TeV astrophysics is also at the center of the multi-messenger astrophysics revolution, as the extreme photon energies involved provide an effective probe in cosmic-ray acceleration, propagation and interaction, in dark matter and exotic physics searches. The improvement that CTA will carry forward and the fact that CTA will operate as the first open observatory in the field, mean that gamma-ray astronomy is about to enter a new precision and productive era.This book aims to serve as an introduction to the field and its state of the art, presenting a series of authoritative reviews on a broad range of topics in which TeV astronomy provided essential contributions, and where some of the most relevant questions for future research lie.
Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- gamma ray astronomy --- imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique --- TeV gamma-rays --- non-thermal radiation --- keV-TeV cosmic sources --- INTEGRAL legacy data base --- relativistic astrophysics --- gamma rays --- cosmic rays --- interstellar medium --- Milky Way --- galaxies --- radiation mechanisms: non-thermal --- high energy astrophysics --- background radiation --- photon–photon interaction --- pair production --- axion-like particles --- gamma-rays --- IACTs --- intergalactic magnetic fields --- high-energy gamma rays --- electromagnetic cascades --- pevatrons --- Galactic cosmic rays --- PeVatron --- Crab Nebula --- angular resolution --- energy spectral distribution --- γ-ray astronomy --- very-high-energy gamma-ray astrophysics --- astroparticle physics --- imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes --- Quantum Gravity --- Lorentz invariance violation --- time of flight --- modified photon interactions --- very-high-energy gamma-ray astronomy --- open science --- data format --- multi-messenger --- real-time --- high-energy --- alerts --- very-high-energy γ-ray astronomy --- atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes --- source catalogues --- gamma-ray astronomy --- Cherenkov telescopes --- ISM: supernova remnants --- ISM: individual objects—Crab Nebula --- pulsars: general --- radiation mechanisms: nonthermal --- gamma rays: general --- acceleration of particles --- astrophysical plasmas --- MHD --- high-energy gamma-ray astrophysics --- Gamma-ray bursts --- non-thermal emission --- radiative processes --- very-high energy Gamma-rays --- statistical analysis --- likelihood --- bayes --- imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope --- IACT --- IACT technology --- very high energy gamma-ray telescope --- ground-based gamma-ray astrophysics --- n/a --- photon-photon interaction --- ISM: individual objects-Crab Nebula
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quantum beam sources --- synchrotron radiation --- X-rays --- gamma rays --- positrons --- high-strength lasers --- Matter --- Nuclear physics --- Particle accelerators --- Analysis --- Accelerators, Particle --- Atom smashers --- Charged particle accelerators --- Accelerator mass spectrometry --- Atoms --- Dynamics --- Gravitation --- Physics --- Substance (Philosophy) --- Instruments --- Nuclear physics. --- Particle accelerators. --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Atomic Physics --- x-rays --- Nuclear energy
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X-ray diffractometry (XRD), a nondestructive technique, is an essential scientific tool capable of supplying users with fundamental data and information unobtainable by other techniques, and exhibits increasing usages and attracts intensive attention in modern science and technology. The complete cognition of many potentialities of XRD, however, requires an elementary knowledge of crystallography and X-ray science. Admittedly, certain routine applications of X-ray diffraction demand only little or no familiarity with this field, but most researchers want to go beyond these push-button applications and to use various techniques as powerful aids in both pure and applied research. This e-book aims at: (1) revealing theories and applicable skills of the novel two-dimensional and three dimensional (2D/3D) X-ray diffractometry for the structure characterization of material by providing an intuitive understanding of the description of instruments and methods, as well as a set of general mathematical models; (2) bridging present gaps between the basic texts and the specialist works.Based on asymmetrical-Bragg diffraction geometry which contains basic elements, a set of universal mathematical model has been built up, where two equations on the desired azimuth angle and a common scan mode are included.Compared with the previous literature, unique characters of this technique are: (1) multifunction; (2) simplicity of measurement; (3) depth/azimuth-resolved X-ray patterns for coatings; (4) texture measurement (rather than in the pole-figure method); and (5) profile analysis for size-strain broadening (not in the fitted - profile method). In addition, by reading the corresponding chapters it is possible to obtain many applications in five main fields.This book presented by Professor Cong Q.Z. et al provides a broad overview of 2D and 3D X-ray diffractometry and addresses the aforementioned points. Chapters written in respective fields enable the reader to be acquainted with a variety of topics ranging from the fingerprint characterization of crystalline materials to the determination of polycrystalline structure. The book is particularly useful to basic investigators, undergraduates, postgraduates,workers and experts interested in the latest advances in this exciting field.
Radiography, Industrial. --- X-rays --- X-rays. --- X-ray crystallography. --- Diffraction. --- Crystallography --- Rays, Roentgen --- Roentgen rays --- Roentgenograms --- Electromagnetic waves --- Ionizing radiation --- Radiation --- Cathode rays --- Radiography --- Vacuum-tubes --- Diffraction --- Industrial radiography --- Materials --- Radiographic examination of materials --- Radiology, Industrial --- Gamma rays --- Nondestructive testing --- Radioisotopes --- Industrial applications
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The galactic cosmic–ray spectrum extends over 14 orders of magnitudes in energy and about 12 orders of magnitude in intensity, and it can be studied using two different methods: via the “direct detection” of the primary cosmic rays in space or at high altitude and via the “indirect detection” of secondary particles, namely the extensive air showers produced by a primary cosmic–ray particle impinging the atmosphere. In this Special Issue, both direct and indirect measurements are presented via from various experiments. Emphasis is placed on low-energy electrons and protons that are detected in flight as well as during geomagnetic storms. As for indirect detection, the muon flux determination and modulation at ground level are described in great detail. Some of the most interesting results are hereby presented, and a couple of new techniques in cosmic–ray detection are reported.
cosmic rays --- Extensive Air Showers --- particle detectors --- Cosmic Ray Ensembles --- ionosphere --- ELF/VLF waves --- energetic electron precipitations --- storm-time feature --- CSES --- trapped particles --- South Atlantic Anomaly --- AE9/AP9/SPM models --- radiation belts --- Poisson data --- time series --- quasi-Gaussian filter --- digital filtering --- optimization --- global minimization --- annealing simulation algorithm --- space weather --- geomagnetic storms --- LEO satellites --- digital gamma-rays spectrometer --- cosmic veto --- active shield --- muons --- muon flux periodicity --- atmospheric neutrons --- radiation dose --- passengers and flight crew --- ultrathin calorimeter --- direct measurements --- energy reconstruction --- PAMELA --- shower development universality --- cosmic ray physics --- multi-messenger astrophysics --- extensive air showers --- n/a
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Research on radiation-tolerant electronics has increased rapidly over the past few years, resulting in many interesting approaches to modeling radiation effects and designing radiation-hardened integrated circuits and embedded systems. This research is strongly driven by the growing need for radiation-hardened electronics for space applications, high-energy physics experiments such as those on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and many terrestrial nuclear applications including nuclear energy and nuclear safety. With the progressive scaling of integrated circuit technologies and the growing complexity of electronic systems, their susceptibility to ionizing radiation has raised many exciting challenges, which are expected to drive research in the coming decade. In this book we highlight recent breakthroughs in the study of radiation effects in advanced semiconductor devices, as well as in high-performance analog, mixed signal, RF, and digital integrated circuits. We also focus on advances in embedded radiation hardening in both FPGA and microcontroller systems and apply radiation-hardened embedded systems for cryptography and image processing, targeting space applications.
single event effects --- n/a --- radiation-hardening-by-design (RHBD) --- frequency divider by two --- single event upset --- Image processing --- CMOS analog integrated circuits --- FPGA --- total ionizing dose (TID) --- Impulse Sensitive Function --- soft error --- hardening by design --- radiation hardening by design --- X-rays --- Single-Event Upsets (SEUs) --- line buffer --- heavy ions --- VHDL --- FPGA-based digital controller --- radiation hardening by design (RHBD) --- radiation hardening --- SRAM-based FPGA --- proton irradiation --- ring oscillator --- sensor readout IC --- fault tolerance --- space application --- physical unclonable function --- voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) --- Ring Oscillators --- analog single-event transient (ASET) --- single event opset (SEU) --- SEB --- single event upsets --- bipolar transistor --- total ionizing dose --- protons --- triple modular redundancy (TMR) --- gain degradation --- space electronics --- saturation effect --- configuration memory --- Co-60 gamma radiation --- total ionization dose (TID) --- frequency synthesizers --- CMOS --- PLL --- TDC --- single-event upsets (SEUs) --- bandgap voltage reference (BGR) --- 4MR --- single-shot --- error rates --- Radiation Hardening by Design --- soft errors --- heavy-ions --- single-event effects (SEE) --- single event transient (SET) --- SEE testing --- proton irradiation effects --- RFIC --- single event upset (SEU) --- FMR --- ionization --- radiation tolerant --- triplex–duplex --- neutron irradiation effects --- digital integrated circuits --- single event gate rupture (SEGR) --- power MOSFETs --- ring-oscillator --- selective hardening --- voltage reference --- nuclear fusion --- TMR --- gamma-rays --- gamma ray --- instrumentation amplifier --- radiation effects --- reference circuits --- radiation-hardened --- triplex-duplex
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