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Defence in depth (DiD) is a concept that has been used for many years alongside tools to optimise nuclear safety in reactor design, assessment and regulation. The 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident provided unique insight into nuclear safety issues and raised questions about the tools used at nuclear power plants, including the effectiveness of the DiD concept, and whether DiD can be enhanced and its implementation improved. This report is intended primarily for nuclear regulatory bodies, although information included herein is expected to be of interest to licensees, nuclear industry organisations and the general public.

Nuclear power plants --- Fukushima Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011. --- Risk assessment. --- Security measures. --- Atomic power plants --- Nuclear power stations --- Nuclear facilities --- Power-plants --- Antinuclear movement --- Nuclear energy --- Risk assessment --- Fukushima I Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima II Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Accident, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Daini Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Japan, 2011 --- Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami, Japan, 2011 --- Accidents

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"Following the devastating Tohoku earthquake and tsunami that afflicted Japan in March 2011, some of the reactors of the Fukushima Dai-Ichi nuclear power plant began to release radioactive material into the environment. This study draws lessons from this experience regarding technological countermeasures to radioactive contamination to improve responses to future radiological or nuclear contingencies. Specifically, it focuses on how technologies were used to measure contamination over space and time, to limit the dispersal of radioactive material in the environment, to decontaminate areas or items, and to store radioactive materials for extended periods. The authors gathered data by conducting extensive literature reviews and dozens of interviews with experts in both Japan and the United States. The report analyzes how technologies were used successfully and identifies capability gaps that could be redressed through novel technologies or improved use of existing technologies. Also included is an abbreviated bibliography for further reading"--Publisher's description.

Fukushima Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011. --- Emergency management --- Nuclear power plants --- Technological innovations --- Accidents --- Atomic power plants --- Nuclear power stations --- Nuclear facilities --- Power-plants --- Antinuclear movement --- Nuclear energy --- Consequence management (Emergency management) --- Disaster planning --- Disaster preparedness --- Disaster prevention --- Disaster relief --- Disasters --- Emergencies --- Emergency planning --- Emergency preparedness --- Management --- Public safety --- First responders --- Fukushima I Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima II Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Accident, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Daini Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Japan, 2011 --- Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami, Japan, 2011 --- Planning --- Preparedness --- Prevention

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In a speech delivered in Japanese at Cornell University, Naoto Kan describes the harrowing days after a cataclysmic earthquake and tsunami led to the meltdown of three reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. In vivid language, he tells how he struggled with the possibility that tens of millions of people would need to be evacuated. Cornell Global Perspectives is an imprint of Cornell University's Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies. The works examine critical global challenges, often from an interdisciplinary perspective, and are intended for a non-specialist audience. The Distinguished Speaker series presents edited transcripts of talks delivered at Cornell, both in the original language and in translation.

Nuclear power plants --- Accidents --- Nuclear energy. --- Nuclear accidents --- Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami, Japan, 2011. --- Fukushima Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011. --- Environmental aspects. --- Fukushima I Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima II Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Accident, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Daini Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Japan, 2011 --- Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami, Japan, 2011 --- Great East Japan Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Great East Japan Earthquake, Japan, 2011 --- Great Tohoku Earthquake, Japan, 2011 --- Great Tohoku Kanto Earthquake, Japan, 2011 --- Northeast Region Pacific Ocean Offshore Earthquake, Japan, 2011 --- Pacific Offshore Tohoku Region Earthquake, Japan, 2011 --- Tohoku Pacific Ocean Earthquake, Japan, 2011 --- Earthquakes --- Tsunamis --- Fukushima Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Environmental disasters --- Atomic energy --- Atomic power --- Energy, Atomic --- Energy, Nuclear --- Nuclear power --- Power, Atomic --- Power, Nuclear --- Force and energy --- Nuclear physics --- Power resources --- Nuclear engineering --- Nuclear facilities

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This book presents the results from the Japanese Fisheries Research Agency’s 3-year intensive monitoring of radionuclides in a variety of fish, plankton, benthos, and their living environments after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP) accident in March 2011. The book reveals the dynamics of contamination processes in marine and freshwater fish, mediated by the contamination of water, sediments, and food organisms; it also clarifies the mechanisms by which large variations in the level of contamination occurs among individual fish. Most importantly, the book includes a large amount of original measurement data collected in situ and for the first time assesses diffusion of radiocesium across the Pacific using both in situ data and a numerical simulation model. Also introduced are several new approaches to evaluate the impact of the release of radionuclides, including the measurement of radiation emission from an otolith section to identify the main period of contamination in fish. The FNPP accident represents a rare instance where the environmental radioactivity level was elevated steeply through atmospheric fallout and direct discharge of radioactive water into the sea over a short period of time. Replete with precise scientific data, this book will serve as an important resource for research in fields such as fishery science, oceanography, ecology, and environmentology, and also as a solid basis for protecting fisheries from damage resulting from harmful rumors among the general public.

Life Sciences. --- Fish & Wildlife Biology & Management. --- Ecology. --- Environmental Monitoring/Analysis. --- Life sciences. --- Wildlife management. --- Sciences de la vie --- Ecologie --- Faune --- Aménagement --- Fishes --- Fisheries --- Fukushima Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Nuclear accidents --- Zoology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Vertebrates --- Zoology - General --- Effect of radioactive pollution on --- Environmental aspects --- Fukushima Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011. --- Fish --- Pisces --- Fukushima I Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima II Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Accident, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Daini Nuclear Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Disaster, Japan, 2011 --- Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Japan, 2011 --- Wildlife. --- Fish. --- Aquatic animals --- Fishing --- Ichthyology --- Nuclear power plants --- Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami, Japan, 2011 --- Accidents --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Animal populations --- Game management --- Management, Game --- Management, Wildlife --- Plant populations --- Wildlife resources --- Natural resources --- Wildlife conservation --- Ecology --- Management --- Ecology . --- Environmental monitoring. --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Environmental quality --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Pollution --- Measurement --- Monitoring --- Fukushima Nuclear Disaster (Japan : 2011) --- Japan. --- al-Yābān --- Giappone --- Government of Japan --- Iapōnia --- I͡Aponii͡ --- Japam --- Japani --- Japão --- Japon --- Japonia --- Japonsko --- Japonya --- Jih-pen --- Mư̄ang Yīpun --- Nihon --- Nihonkoku --- Nippon --- Nippon-koku --- Nipponkoku --- Prathēt Yīpun --- Riben --- State of Japan --- Yābān --- Yapan --- Yīpun --- Zhāpān --- Fish & Wildlife Biology & Management --- Environmental Monitoring/Analysis

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Ten years have passed since the nuclear accident occurred in Fukushima, Japan, following the Great East Japan earthquake. Thereafter, many people around the world have been concerned about the risks posed by radiation. They still believe that even a small amount of radiation exposure will affect human health. In reality, however, there are many natural radionuclides in the environment, which emit a variety of types of radiation. Although it is well known that there is a positively linear relationship between acute radiation exposure and cancer risk in atomic bomb survivors, the risk of chronic radiation exposure due to natural radionuclides cannot be well explained to people who have lived in high-background radiation areas for many generations. Therefore, more studies in this research field are required to obtain new scientific findings. In order to promote further scientific activities, it will be the best for us to understand the current status of this field by summarizing what we have apprehended so far. This Special Issue will highlight measurement data, methodologies, radiation biology, and risk assessment related to radiation.

air dose rate --- difficult-to-return zone --- evacuation order-lifted areas --- effective dose rate --- external exposure risk --- Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident --- living space --- radiocesium --- surface soil --- Tomioka town --- tritium monitoring --- fusion test facility --- deuterium plasma experiment --- monthly precipitation --- chemical composition --- Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant --- strontium-90 --- cesium-137 --- seawater monitoring --- contaminated water --- dose assessment --- Japan --- bottled water --- guidance level --- WHO --- natural radionuclides --- artificial radionuclides --- effective dose --- ingestion --- passive radon monitor --- development --- sensitivity --- detection limit --- air-exchange rate --- total diet study --- radioactive cesium --- potassium-40 --- dietary intake --- Fukushima accident --- 222Rn progeny --- 220Rn progeny --- CR-39 --- equilibrium equivalent concentration --- deposition velocity --- thoron --- thoron progeny --- indoor environment --- measurement technique --- radioactivity --- residential exposure --- dose --- gamma radiation --- health risk --- radon mapping --- 226Ra --- 228Ra --- 238U --- well water --- radiological hazards --- REE and uranium mines --- northern Vietnam --- radon --- hot spring --- public health --- Namie Town --- cesium-134 --- external exposure dose evaluation --- radon concentration --- groundwater --- residence time --- limestone aquifer --- Okinawa Island --- indoor --- environment --- nationwide survey --- SSNTD --- radon potential map --- geography information systems --- geology --- risk --- exhalation rate --- long-term measurement --- seasonal variation --- Fukushima --- free-roaming cat --- reproductive organ --- internal contamination