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This study, focusing primarily on the period from the collapse of the Soviet Union until the present day, identifies the key drivers of forest degradation and the potential for forest landscape restoration in the Caucasus and Central Asia. The study was undertaken to suport the preparation of restoration pledges in the eight countries of the Caucasus and Central Asia in the run up to the Ministerial Roundtable on Forest Landscape Restoration and the Bonn Challenge in the Caucasus and Central Asia that took place in June 2018 in Astana, Kazakhstan. At this Roundtable Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan committed to restore over 2.5 million ha of forest landscapes by 2030.

Forest restoration --- Forest management

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Advances in forest management will enhance the sustainable development of human society, and should be focused on. Under the context of global change, soil nutrients, especially nitrogen, should be carefully managed and monitored in plantations experiencing intensive nitrogen input, and forests with exotic plant invasion disturbance, considering its substantial contribution to global nitrous oxide. One negative effect of global change could be loss of biodiversity, which could be maintained by forest management. In addition, advanced technologies should also be developed to prevent fire in forests considering its increased frequency. Importantly, policies and technologies should also be developed for advanced forest management, such as deep learning in plant disease prevention, and quantitative strategic planning matrix in management of forest conservation.

Forest management.

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Forest tree genetics and genomics are advancing at an accelerated rate, thanks to recent developments in high-throughput, next-generation sequencing capabilities, and novel biostatistical tools. Population and landscape genetics and genomics have seen the rise of new approaches implemented in large-scale studies that employ the use of genome-wide sampling. Such studies have started to discern the dynamics of neutral and adaptive variation in nature and the processes that underlie spatially explicit patterns of genetic and genomic variation in nature. The continuous development of genetic maps in forest trees and the expansion of QTL and association mapping approaches contribute to the unravelling of the genotype-phenotype relationship and lead to marker-assisted and genome-wide selection. However, major challenges lie ahead. Recent literature suggests that species demography and genetic diversity have been affected both by climatic oscillations and anthropogenically induced stresses in a way calls into question the possibility of future adaptation. Moreover, the pace of contemporary environmental change presents a great challenge to forest tree populations and their ability to adapt, taking into consideration their life history characteristics. Several questions emerge that include, but are not limited to, the interpretation of forest tree genome surveillance and their structural/functional properties, the adaptive and neutral processes that have shaped forest tree genomes, the analysis of phenotypic traits relevant to adaptation (especially adaptation under contemporary climate change), the link between epigenetics/epigenomics and phenotype/genotype, and the use of genetics/genomics as well as genetic monitoring to advance conservation priorities.

Forest genetics.

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Advances in close-range and remote sensing technologies are driving innovations in forest resource assessments and monitoring on varying scales. Data acquired with airborne and spaceborne platforms provide high(er) spatial resolution, more frequent coverage, and more spectral information. Recent developments in ground-based sensors have advanced 3D measurements, low-cost permanent systems, and community-based monitoring of forests. The UNFCCC REDD+ mechanism has advanced the remote sensing community and the development of forest geospatial products that can be used by countries for the international reporting and national forest monitoring. However, an urgent need remains to better understand the options and limitations of remote and close-range sensing techniques in the field of forest degradation and forest change. Therefore, we invite scientists working on remote sensing technologies, close-range sensing, and field data to contribute to this Special Issue. Topics of interest include: (1) novel remote sensing applications that can meet the needs of forest resource information and REDD+ MRV, (2) case studies of applying remote sensing data for REDD+ MRV, (3) timeseries algorithms and methodologies for forest resource assessment on different spatial scales varying from the tree to the national level, and (4) novel close-range sensing applications that can support sustainable forestry and REDD+ MRV. We particularly welcome submissions on data fusion.

Forest restoration.

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Il volume è dedicato allo studio dei boschi della Repubblica di Venezia, delle loro caratteristiche, dei metodi di gestione, del complesso meccanismo di approvvigionamento del legname per la cantieristica navale e della sua utilizzazione da parte dell'Arsenale. Vengono affrontate tematiche relative all'evoluzione dei sistemi costruttivi e dei costi di produzione di galee, galeazze e altre imbarcazioni a remi; da fine Seicento anche di vascelli, fregate e altri bastimenti a vela, in connessione con la trasformazione delle tecniche della navigazione e di quelle della guerra sul mare. Sono prese in considerazione le complesse questioni attinenti alla pressione esercitata sui boschi, soprattutto quelli di rovere, che forniscono la materia prima essenziale; i particolari regimi giuridici cui vengono sottoposti, sottraendoli alla disponibilità delle comunità locali; gli strumenti, a volte fortemente innovativi, usati a fini di conoscenza e di controllo, quali la compilazione di catastici e mappe; il ruolo esercitato dagli organi politici e tecnici dell'Arsenale nell'opera di governo e gestione; i valori e i limiti della riforma forestale che viene faticosamente approvata negli ultimi anni di vita della Repubblica. -- Provided by publisher.

Forest management.