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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Unsteady states --- Physiological challenges --- Hyperbaric --- temperature --- Diving --- Parabolic flights --- stress --- coping --- Learning --- Oxygen

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Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are remarkable machines that revolutionized the process of gathering ocean data. Their major breakthroughs resulted from successful developments of complementary technologies to overcome the challenges associated with autonomous operation in harsh environments. Most of these advances aimed at reaching new application scenarios and decreasing the cost of ocean data collection, by reducing ship time and automating the process of data gathering with accurate geo location. With the present capabilities, some novel paradigms are already being employed to further exploit the on board intelligence, by making decisions on line based on real time interpretation of sensor data. This book collects a set of self contained chapters covering different aspects of AUV technology and applications in more detail than is commonly found in journal and conference papers. They are divided into three main sections, addressing innovative vehicle design, navigation and control techniques, and mission preparation and analysis. The progress conveyed in these chapters is inspiring, providing glimpses into what might be the future for vehicle technology and applications.

Oceanographic submersibles. --- Remote submersibles. --- Submersibles. --- Submergibles --- Undersea vehicles --- Underwater vehicles --- Vehicles --- Remotely controlled underwater vehicles --- Remotely operated underwater vehicles --- ROVs (Submersibles) --- Underwater robotic vehicles --- Unmanned submersibles --- Unmanned undersea vehicles --- Unmanned underwater vehicles --- URVs (Submersibles) --- UUVs (Submersibles) --- Submersibles --- Vehicles, Remotely piloted --- Deep diving vehicles --- Deep-sea research vessels --- Deep submergence vehicles --- Manned exploration devices --- Automotive technology & trades

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Insects have successfully inhabited all freshwater habitats on Earth and are often the most diverse and abundant species in streams and ponds. With a disproportionally high species richness compared to the area covered by freshwaters, aquatic insects represent a hotspot of diversity. They play crucial roles in aquatic food webs as primary consumers, detritivores, and predators, but they also represent an important food resource for aquatic and terrestrial predators. Many aquatic insect orders, such as mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies, include taxa that are highly sensitive to habitat alterations, reflecting the health of the overall aquatic ecosystem. This feature is exploited by many scientists and practitioners around the world for water and environment quality monitoring. Despite their importance in term of diversity, ecosystem services and bioindication, many aquatic insect species are critically endangered, mainly due to anthropogenic pressures on freshwaters and climate change. Although the research efforts on aquatic insects tremendously increased during the 21st century, much is still left undiscovered. This Special Issue addresses existing knowledge gaps and increases our understanding of taxonomic diversity and phylogeny, distribution patterns, and community ecology of aquatic insects through 15 new studies that cover most of the aquatic insect orders over a wide geographic range. In a context of rapid global biodiversity loss, accelerating the acquisition of both fundamental and applied knowledge is crucial.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- odonate --- flight period --- checklist --- Eastern Mediterranean --- citizen science --- climate --- water quality --- functional richness --- functional specialization --- functional evenness --- impact of mining and forest fire --- aquatic insects --- conservation --- life cycle --- limnology --- mayfly --- North Africa --- rivers --- streams --- developing country --- multivariate statistics --- bioindication value --- index scores --- WQI --- HQI --- EPT --- stoneflies --- USA --- species richness --- hierarchical unit codes --- flow intermittence --- environmental variables --- aquatic macrophytes --- karst --- dragonflies --- damselflies --- anthropogenic impact --- distribution --- local extinction --- museum study --- Plecoptera --- population decline --- island biogeography --- new species --- taxonomy --- biodiversity --- colonization --- endemism --- species radiation --- diving beetles --- freshwater --- chironomid larvae --- water pollution index (WPI) --- alpha and beta diversity --- anthropogenic pressure --- taxonomic diversity --- substrate preference --- Danube --- floodplain --- gomphid nymphs --- Orientogomphus --- Thailand --- Heteroptera --- aquatic --- species compositions --- marine insects --- Hemiptera --- biogeography --- Rif --- Atlas --- Central Plateau --- Oriental Morocco --- mayflies --- phylogenomics --- phylogenetics --- systematics --- n/a