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Water is usually referred to as the ‘Molecule of Life’. It constitutes the most abundant molecule in living (micro)organisms and is also essential for critical biochemical reactions, both for the global functioning and maintenance of Ecosystems (e.g., Photosynthesis) and individual (microbial) cells (e.g., ATP hydrolysis). However, most of Earth’s terrestrial environments present deficiencies in bioavailable water. Arid environments cover around a third of the land’s surface, are found on the six continents and, with the anthropogenic desertification phenomenon, will increase. Commonly defined by having a ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (P/PET) below 1, arid environments, being either hot or cold, are characterized by scant and erratic plant growth and low densities in macro-fauna. Consequently, these ecosystems are microbially mediated with microbial communities particularly driving the essential Na and C biogeochemical cycles. Due to the relatively simple trophic structure of these biomes, arid terrestrial environments have subsequently been used as ideal ecosystems to capture and model interactions in edaphic microbial communities. To date, we have been able to demonstrate that edaphic microorganisms (i.e., Fungi, Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses) in arid environments are abundant, highly diverse, different from those of other terrestrial systems (both in terms of diversity and function), and are important for the stability and productivity of these ecosystems. Moreover, arid terrestrial systems are generally considered Mars-like environments. Thus, they have been the favored destination for astro(micro)biologists aiming to better understand life’s potential distribution and adaptation strategies in the Universe and develop terraforming approaches. Altogether, these points demonstrate the importance of significantly improving our knowledge in the microbial community composition (particularly for Fungi, Archaea and Viruses), assembly processes and functional potentials of arid terrestrial systems, as well as their adaptation mechanisms to aridity (and generally to various other environmental stresses). This Research Topic was proposed to provide further insights on the microbial ecology of hot and cold arid edaphic systems. We provide a detailed review and nine research articles, spanning hot and cold deserts, edaphic, rhizospheric, BSC and endolithic environments as well as culture-dependent and -independant approaches.
xeric stress --- Arid environment --- desert --- Nitrogen --- environmental gradients
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Desert ecology --- Ecologie des déserts --- Periodicals --- Périodiques --- Desert ecology. --- ecology --- climate change --- drought --- rangeland --- desert --- Deserts --- Arid regions ecology --- Xeric ecology --- Ecology --- General ecology and biosociology --- Agriculture. Animal husbandry. Hunting. Fishery
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History & Archaeology --- Archaeology --- archéologie --- archéologie égyptienne --- papyrologie --- Égypte antique --- Désert oriental --- archaeology --- excavations --- eastern desert --- Egypt --- archeologia --- scavo --- deserto orientale --- Egitto --- Archäologie
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History & Archaeology --- Archaeology --- archéologie égyptienne --- archéologie --- fouilles --- Désert oriental --- Égypte antique --- archaeology --- eastern desert --- Egypt --- excavations --- archeologia --- deserto orientale --- Egitto --- scavo --- Archäologie
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Bien que l’imaginaire saharien n’évoque pas a priori la notion de biodiversité, la flore du Sahara est néanmoins bien plus diversifiée qu’il n’y paraît. Tantôt barrière ou relais pour la dispersion des espèces, le Grand Désert est en effet riche d’une histoire biogéographique très originale, dont cet ouvrage donne une première synthèse. Depuis les premières explorations botaniques sahariennes de la fin du xixe siècle, aux travaux pionniers du milieu du xxe siècle, jusqu’aux acquis biogéographiques les plus récents, l’ouvrage met en perspective l’organisation et l’évolution de la flore saharienne au sein d’un environnement changeant, tour à tour savane arborée puis terre d’une extrême aridité. Quelles sont la diversité et l’histoire de ce peuplement végétal peu connu ? Comment les flores méditerranéennes ou tropicales ont-elles pu migrer puis se maintenir dans les massifs sahariens ou sur les façades maritimes ? Quelles sont les conséquences des changements environnementaux passés et actuels ? Face aux enjeux de préservation de ce patrimoine naturel unique, l’ouvrage met l’accent sur la nécessité d’une véritable politique de conservation à l’échelle de cet immense désert. Région naturelle trop négligée par la recherche, le Sahara mérite d’être réinvesti par les sciences du vivant, et ce d’autant qu’il forme un laboratoire exceptionnel pour étudier l’impact des changements globaux en situation environnementale extrême. L’ouvrage, très documenté et abondamment illustré, fournira aux gestionnaires des milieux arides, aux écologues et biogéographes, aux enseignants et étudiants en biologie et en écologie, mais aussi aux naturalistes et simples voyageurs, un éclairage inédit sur la flore saharienne et son histoire.
Geography --- flore --- biodiversité --- végétal --- patrimoine --- conservation --- environnement --- espèces --- botanique --- biogéographie --- écologie --- histoire --- désert --- aridité --- Sahara --- Afrique
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Desert ecology --- Arid regions ecology --- Ecosystem management --- Arid regions ecology. --- Desert ecology. --- Ecosystem management. --- Biotic communities --- Ecosystems management --- Applied ecology --- Environmental management --- Nature conservation --- Biodiversity conservation --- Deserts --- Xeric ecology --- Ecology --- Arid regions --- Management
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The modern southwestern cities of Phoenix, Tucson, Las Vegas, Albuquerque, and El Paso occupy lands that once supported rich desert ecosystems. Typical development activities often resulted in scraping these desert lands of an ancient living landscape, to be replaced with one that is human-made and dependent on a large consumption of energy and natural resources. Design with the Desert: Conservation and Sustainable Development explores the natural and built environment of the American Southwest and introduces development tools for shaping the future of the region in a more sustainable way. Exp
Desert ecology. --- Desert ecology --- Sustainable development. --- Sustainable development --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable economic development --- Economic development --- Deserts --- Arid regions ecology --- Xeric ecology --- Environmental aspects --- Ecology
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Like American politics, the academic debate over justice is polarized, with almost all theories of justice falling within one of two traditions: egalitarianism and libertarianism. This book provides an alternative to the partisan standoff by focusing not on equality or liberty, but on the idea that we should give people the things that they deserve. Mulligan sets forth a theory of economic justice - meritocracy - which rests upon a desert principle and is distinctive from existing work in two ways. First, meritocracy is grounded in empirical research on how human beings think, intuitively, about justice. Research in social psychology and experimental economics reveals that people simply don’t think that social goods should be distributed equally, nor do they dismiss the idea of social justice. Across ideological and cultural lines, people believe that rewards should reflect merit. Second, the book discusses hot-button political issues and makes concrete policy recommendations. These issues include anti-meritocratic bias against women and racial minorities and the United States’ widening economic inequality. Justice and the Meritocratic State offers a new theory of justice and provides solutions to our most vexing social and economic problems. It will be of keen interest to philosophers, economists, and political theorists.
State, The --- Justice (Philosophy) --- Merit (Ethics) --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Political aspects. --- Desert (Ethics) --- Moral desert (Ethics) --- Ethics --- Philosophy --- Administration --- Commonwealth, The --- Sovereignty --- Political science --- Anarchy --- A Theory of Justice --- capital --- consequences --- cronyism --- David Miller --- desert --- desert-based theory of justice --- distributive justice --- economic justice --- egalitarianism --- equality --- equal opportunity --- essentialism --- George Sher --- inheritance tax --- intuition --- John Rawls --- Justice and the Meritocratic State --- justice --- libertarianism --- liberty --- meritocracy --- meritocratic public policy --- nepotism --- personal identity --- political philosophy --- public policy --- Robert Nozick --- State, and Utopia
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Ce livre présente les récits de nombreuses voyageuses d’expression française en Orient aux XIXe et XXe siècles, certaines bien connues du public, d’autres totalement oubliées. Leurs récits sont examinés à travers deux paradigmes principaux, celui du désert (espace ouvert) et celui du harem (espace fermé), le premier semblant peu à peu remplacer le second. Natascha Ueckmann met en lumière les particularités du regard féminin sur l’Orient et observe les attitudes des voyageuses d’un point de vue résolument féministe. Le féminisme est ici utilisé comme instrument d’analyse littéraire, mais sans aucune forme de complaisance à l’égard des préjugés des voyageuses et de leur attitude parfois coloniale à l’égard des Orientaux et des Orientales. Sans nier le désir d’autonomie et de découverte de l’altérité des voyageuses, Natascha Ueckmann dessine ainsi les contours d’un orientalisme au féminin qu’elle examine avec les instruments des études de genre et des études postcoloniales. Elle cherche à mettre en évidence la façon dont les femmes européennes s’inventent elles-mêmes en se situant dans un champ de tension entre désir de découverte de l’ailleurs et volonté de confirmer leurs idées préconçues. Un ouvrage résolument actuel sur les questions de féminisme et sur la notion d’orientalisme.
History --- Literature --- Ethnic Studies --- Women's Studies --- altérité --- colonialisme --- désert --- féminisme --- explorateur --- genre --- voyage en Orient --- voyageuse --- harem --- Islam --- orientalisme
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The Bushman' is a perennial but changing image. The transformation of that image is important. It symbolizes the perception of Bushman or San society, of the ideas and values of ethnographers who have worked with Bushman peoples, and those of other anthropologists who use this work. Anthropology and the Bushman covers early travellers and settlers, classic nineteenth and twentieth-century ethnographers, North American and Japanese ecological traditions, the approaches of African ethnographers, and recent work on advocacy and social development. It reveals the impact of Bushman studies on anthropology and on the public. The book highlights how Bushman or San ethnography has contributed to anthropological controversy, for example in the debates on the degree of incorporation of San society within the wider political economy, and on the validity of the case for 'indigenous rights' as a special kind of human rights. Examining the changing image of the Bushman, Barnard provides a new contribution to an established anthropology debate.
Anthropology in popular culture --- Ethnology --- San (African people) --- Popular culture --- Cultural anthropology --- Ethnography --- Races of man --- Social anthropology --- Anthropology --- Human beings --- Basarwa (African people) --- Bushmen --- Bushmen (African people) --- /Xam (African people) --- Khoisan (African people) --- Fieldwork --- Social life and customs. --- Kalahari Desert --- San (Peuple d'Afrique) --- Anthropologie sociale et culturelle --- Anthropologie dans la culture populaire --- Moeurs et coutumes --- Recherche sur le terrain --- Kalahari, Désert du --- San (African people) - Kalahari Desert - Social life and customs --- Ethnology - Fieldwork - Kalahari Desert --- Anthropology in popular culture - Kalahari Desert --- Kalahari Desert - Social life and customs
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