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Plastic (and microplastic) pollution has been described as one of the greatest environmental challenges of our time, and a hallmark of the human-driven epoch known as the Anthropocene. It has gained the attention of the general public, governments, and environmental scientists worldwide. To date, the main focus has been on plastics in the marine environment, but interest in the presence and effects of plastics in freshwaters has increased in the recent years. The occurrence of plastics within inland lakes and rivers, as well as their biota, has been demonstrated. Experiments with freshwater organisms have started to explore the direct and indirect effects resulting from plastic exposure. There is a clear need for further research, and a dedicated space for its dissemination. This book is devoted to highlighting current research from around the world on the prevalence, fate, and effects of plastic in freshwater environments.

plastics --- plastic debris --- African great lakes --- freshwater --- beach clean-up --- citizen science --- microplastic --- Enchytraeus crypticus --- enchytraeids --- avoidance test --- toxicity --- oxidative stress --- catalase --- glutathione S-transferase --- polyethylene --- Tubifex tubifex --- aquatic oligochetes --- mortality --- glutathione reductase --- peroxidase --- microplastic exposure --- freshwater environments --- microplastics --- Africa --- ingestion --- Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) --- catfish (Bagrus Bajad) --- fibers --- ATR-FTIR spectroscopy --- plastic pollution --- oysters --- Mississippi Sound --- fluorescence microscopy --- laser direct infrared analysis --- LDIR --- bulk water sampling --- Bonnet Carré Spillway --- dysbiosis --- microbiome --- n/a --- Bonnet Carré Spillway --- Murntuluk / Catfish (Central NT, North NT SE52-03)

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Welfare is a multidimensional concept that can be described as the state of an animal as it copes with the environment. Captive environments can impact farmed animals at different levels, especially fishes, considering their highly complex sensory world. Understanding the ethology of a species is therefore essential to address fish welfare, and the interpretation of behavioral responses in specific rearing contexts (aquaculture or experimental contexts) demands knowledge of their underlying physiological, developmental, functional, and evolutionary mechanisms. In natural environments, the stress response has evolved to help animals survive challenging conditions. However, animals are adapted to deal with natural stressors, while anthropogenic stimuli may represent stressors that fishes are unable to cope with. Under such circumstances, stress responses may be maladaptive and cause severe damage to the animal. As welfare in captivity is affected in multiple dimensions, multiple possible indicators can be used to assess the welfare state of individuals. In the past, research on welfare has been largely focusing on health indicators and predominantly based on physiological stress. Ethological indicators, however, also integrate the mental perspective of the individual and have been gradually assuming an important role in welfare research: behavioral responses to stressors are an early response to adverse conditions, easily observable, and demonstrative of emotional states. Many behavioral indicators can be used as non-invasive measurements of welfare in practical contexts such as aquaculture and experimentation. Presently, research in fish welfare is growing in importance and interest because of the growing economic importance of fish farming, the comparative biology opportunities that experimental fishes provide, and the increasing public sensitivity to welfare issues.

n/a --- muscle texture --- fractal analysis --- fish welfare --- Danio rerio --- motivation --- histopathology --- elevated phosphate concentrations --- sharks --- welfare --- African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) --- feed efficiency --- fighting ability --- aggressive interaction --- social rank --- boldness --- ethology --- fisheries management --- physiological response --- FishEthoBase --- welfare scores --- welfare criteria --- stress --- pain --- stereotypical behaviour --- Scyliorhinus canicula --- animal behavior --- welfare enhancement --- social communication --- nociception --- negative and positive affect --- aggression --- fertilisation success --- risk analysis --- aquaculture --- hematology --- Amyloodinium ocellatum --- framework --- structural complexity --- territorial --- growth --- positive welfare --- social stress --- age

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There is talk of an upcoming antibiotic armageddon, with untreatable post-operative infections, and similarly untreatable complications after chemotherapy. Indeed, the now famous “O’Neill Report” (https://amr-review.org/) suggests that, by 2050, more people might die from antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections than from cancer. While we are still learning all the subtle drivers of antibiotic resistance, it seems increasingly clear that we need to take a “one health” approach, curtailing the use of antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine. However, there are no new classes of antibiotics on our horizon. Maybe something that has been around “forever” can come to our rescue—bacteriophages! Nevertheless, it is also necessary to do things differently, and use these new antimicrobials appropriately. Therefore, an in-depth study of bacteriophage biology and case-by-case applications might be required. Whilst by no means comprehensive, this book does cover some of the many topics related to bacteriophages as antimicrobials, including their use in human therapy and aquaculture. It also explores the potential use of phage endolysins as substitutes of antibiotics in two sectors where there is an urgent need—human therapy and the agro-food industry. Last but not least, there is an excellent perspective article on phage therapy implementation.

bacteriophages --- dairy industry --- pathogens --- lactic acid bacteria --- fermentation failure --- biofilms --- antimicrobial resistance --- antimicrobials --- lysins --- horizontal gene transfer, transduction --- biofilm --- phage therapy --- resistance --- bacteriophage --- models --- agent based --- mass action --- bacterial phage resistance --- regression modeling --- MRSA --- Clostridium difficile --- Clostridium difficile infection --- microbiome --- in vitro fermentation model --- marine vibrios --- biological control --- aquaculture --- interactions --- vibriosis --- Aeromonas hydrophila --- Motile Aeromonas Septicemia --- MAS --- multiple-antibiotic-resistance --- striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) --- endolysin --- antibiotics --- one health --- protein engineering --- Aeromonas salmonicida --- furunculosis --- phage-resistant mutants --- proteins --- infrared spectroscopy --- lysin --- lytic enzyme --- peptidoglycan hydrolase --- antimicrobial --- antibacterial --- antibiotic resistance --- bacteriophage therapy --- Nagoya Protocol --- CRISPR CAS --- phage isolation --- phage resistance --- Staphylococcus --- Kayvirus --- Vibrio anguillarum --- fish larvae --- challenge trials --- phage display --- enzybiotics --- Bacteriophages --- diabetic foot ulcer --- osteomyelitis --- Staphylococcus aureus --- Antibiotic-resistant bacteria --- lysogenic conversion --- prophage induction --- read recruitment --- shiga toxin --- American Foulbrood --- phage --- Paenibacillus larvae --- Brevibacillus laterosporus --- treatment --- safety --- bystander phage therapy --- Mycobacterium smegmatis --- mycobacteriophages --- directed evolution --- PlyC CHAP --- protein net charge --- CBD-independent --- FoldX --- STEC-specific bacteriophage --- whole genome sequencing --- STEC O145 strains --- antimicrobial agent --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa --- dual-species --- antibiotic --- synergy --- simultaneous --- sequential --- microbiome therapy --- evolution