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The ecological approach to urbanism recently became a main interest in the international disciplinary debate, in response to new social demands: climate change, reduction of natural resources, regeneration of urban abandoned land, perception of unsafety in public space call for changing approach to territory development. The book focuses on the "multi-scalar design", a practice able to act on open spaces, ecological networks and green infrastructures but also on regeneration of the urban organism's neuralgic parts. The book supports a proposal that integrates the territorial vision offered by the green-blue infrastructures with the regeneration of disused and abandoned urban spaces applying recent tools such as urban acupuncture or tactical urbanism, the latter ones revisited according to a design and participatory perspective. Moreover, the perception of unsafety of public spaces is rising as a focal problem for urban policies. Therefore, the methodological design proposal is completed giving specific attention to recent guidelines for urban safety design. The idea of joining these approaches at different levels, from territorial to micro-urban ones, is defined the “s-RGB Design” (safe Regeneration and Green Blue Design).

Green-Blue Infrastructure --- Chromatic City --- Regenerative Design

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Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms that inhabit almost all geographic locations, including oceans, caves, ponds, lakes, soil, snow, and hot springs. Their acumen to survive and succeed in a plethora of ambiance is due to their extraordinary metabolism and adaptations. Their wide applications include therapeutics, cosmeceuticals, wastewater remediation, biofuels, antioxidative enzymes, agriculture, and so on. This book highlights the important aspects pertinent to the fascinating world of cyanobacteria covering diverse topics such as electron microscopic dimension, cultivation, stress, and adaptations. This book provides insights into the world of tiny microbial factories and unravels the potentials for their futuristic innovative applications as precursors of drug molecules, eco-friendly renewable energy sources, remediation, and reservoirs of diverse value-added products for a better and brighter tomorrow.

Cyanobacteria. --- Bacteria, Blue-green --- Blue-green algae --- Blue-green bacteria --- Blue-greens (Microorganisms) --- Cryptophyceae --- Cyanochloronta --- Cyanophyceae --- Cyanophycota --- Cyanophyta --- Myxophyceae --- Myxophyta --- Phycochromophyceae --- Schizophyceae --- Prokaryotes --- Life Sciences --- Microbiology --- Genetics and Molecular Biology --- Biochemistry --- Bacteriology

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The purpose of this test is to determine the effects of a substance on the growth of freshwater microalgae and/or cyanobacteria. Exponentially growing test organisms are exposed to the test substance in batch cultures over a period of normally 72 hours. The system response is the reduction of growth in a series of algal cultures exposed to, at least, five concentrations of a test substance. Three replicates at each test concentration should be used. The response is evaluated as a function of the exposure concentration in comparison with the average growth of control cultures. The cultures are allowed unrestricted exponential growth under nutrient sufficient conditions (two alternative growth media: the OECD and the AAP) and continuous fluorescent illumination. Growth and growth inhibition are quantified from measurements of the algal biomass as a function of time. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 100 mg/L. This study includes: the determination, at least daily, of the algal biomass; the measure of the pH (at the beginning and at the end); microscopic observation. This Test Guideline describes two response variables: average specific growth rate, and yield.  

Environment --- Chemical tests and reagents --- Freshwater algae --- Cyanobacteria --- Bacteria, Blue-green --- Blue-green algae --- Blue-green bacteria --- Blue-greens (Microorganisms) --- Cryptophyceae --- Cyanochloronta --- Cyanophyceae --- Cyanophycota --- Cyanophyta --- Myxophyceae --- Myxophyta --- Phycochromophyceae --- Schizophyceae --- Prokaryotes --- Algae --- Freshwater phytoplankton --- Chemical reagents --- Reagents, Chemical --- Indicators and test-papers --- Toxicology --- Standards.

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This open access book provides a cross-sectoral, multi-scale assessment of marine litter in Africa with a focus on plastics. From distribution, to impacts on environmental and human health, this book looks at what is known scientifically. It includes a policy analysis of the instruments that currently exist, and what is needed to help Africa tackle marine litter—including local and transboundary sources. Across 5 chapters, experts from Africa and beyond have put together a summary of the scientific knowledge currently known about marine litter in Africa. The context of the African continent and future projections form a backdrop on which the scientific knowledge is built. This scientific knowledge incorporates quantities, distributions, and pathways of litter into the marine environment, highlighting where the impacts of marine litter are most felt in Africa. These impacts have widespread effects, with ecological, social, economic, and human health repercussions. While containing detailed scientific information, this book provides a sound knowledge base for policymakers, NGOs and the broader public.

Pollution & threats to the environment --- Waste management --- Hydrology & the hydrosphere --- Economics --- Oceanography (seas) --- Sustainability --- Africa --- Plastic and microplastic marine pollution --- Marine debris in Africa --- Impacts of marine litter --- Blue economy in Africa --- Marine litter sources --- Natural environment, people and economies

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The book compiles scientific articles describing advances in nanomaterial synthesis and their application in water remediation. The publications treat diverse problems such as dye degradation, heavy metal ion, as well as radioactive element capture and sequestration. There are 10 original research articles and one review article. The latter proposes graphene/CNT and Prussian blue nanocomposites for radioactive 137-cesium extraction from aqueous media. All reports thoroughly characterize the nanomaterials post-synthesis and describe their catalytic, photocatalytic, or ion exchange activities in contaminated water. The dyes studied in the collection are azo dyes, i.e. methylene blue and orange, rhodamine B, phenolic dyes viz. bromophenol blue, and other dyes with sulfonyl groups. Extraction of radioactive elements, including cationic 137Cs+ and anionic 125I?, is also investigated. The omnipresence of ZnO nanoparticles in everyday products and their effects in wastewater are also evaluated. Layered double hydroxide are capable of capturing Ag ions, which then has a catalytic effect on dye degradation. The nanomaterials considered are varied, viz., graphene, CNT, Prussian blue, nanoporous carbon, layered double hydroxides, magnetite, ferrites, organic powders, polymer membranes, bacteria, and inorganic nanomaterials such as MnO and Ag. The book targets an interdisciplinary readership.

LDHs --- magnetic photocatalyst --- n/a --- bioremediation --- membrane --- BiOCl --- BiVO4 --- degradation --- agglomeration --- solvent vapor annealing --- nanoporous carbon --- nanocomposite --- Prussian blue --- stability --- silver nanomaterials --- adsorption --- wastewater --- desalination --- ZnO nanoparticles --- film --- magnetic performance --- metal-organic frameworks --- 137Cs+ selectivity --- nanomixtures --- water remediation --- photocatalytic activity --- adsorption properties --- magnetic extraction --- RGO --- structural regularity --- photocatalytic mechanism --- wastewater treatment --- 137-Cesium --- photocatalyst --- magnetic nanoparticles --- graphene --- radioactive iodine --- carbon nanotubes --- doping modification --- electrospinning --- radioactive contamination --- Mn–Zn ferrite --- mixed wastewater --- manganese oxide --- host–guest interaction --- bromophenol blue --- Dy3+ --- organic pollutants --- dye --- beta-cyclodextrin polymer --- polydopamine --- interaction --- dye removal --- adsorption models --- RhB photodegradation --- hydrothermal method --- supercapacitor --- Mn-Zn ferrite --- host-guest interaction