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In the biochemical reactions that take place within all living beings, species called free radicals are generated. Denham Harman, in his study on the origin and evolution of life (Harman, 2001), proposes that these species are amongst the causes of the origin of life on our planet. Oxygen is a molecule that provides the primary source of energy in aerobic organisms and therefore is key to the development and evolution of life. On the one hand, it gives rise to life; on the other, due to its ability to form different free radicals, it is capable of damaging essential structures for development. To combat these radicals, our biological systems have developed antioxidant defenses. However, when the balance between free radicals and antioxidant defenses is broken in favor of the former, a phenomenon called oxidative stress occurs, which ends up damaging molecules such as DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids (Sies, 1983) (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1985). This phenomenon is implicated both in the development of diseases and in their progression. In addition, inflammation phenomena are also involved in most pathologies, which, although they are essential for tissue repair and immunity, turn against our bodies when they become excessively active. For these reasons, in this special edition we showcase an extensive knowledge of the effects of oxidative stress and inflammation both in diseases such as aging, or for its role in health.

Public health & preventive medicine --- diospyrin --- lipopolysaccharide --- anti-inflammation --- macrophages --- nitric oxide --- cytokine --- calcium --- CHOP --- Fas --- p38 MAPK --- Astragalus mongholicus Bunge --- danazol --- telomere --- telomerase --- aging --- diabetic kidney disease --- oxidative stress --- redox imbalance --- hyperimmunized milk --- exercise --- inflammation --- intestinal permeability --- acute respiratory distress syndrome --- antiplatelet --- aspirin --- therapy --- gender --- membrane erythrocyte --- hydroperoxides --- biomarker --- DPPP --- DPH --- TMA --- cardiovascular disease --- data analysis --- precision–recall --- Mediterranean diet --- Oriental diet --- nutrition --- polyphenols --- microbiota --- health --- n-3 PUFAs --- endogenous antioxidants --- anti-inflammatory response --- cardiovascular diseases --- dry eye syndrome --- corneal damage --- tear lipidome --- 5-lipoxigenase --- leukotriene B4 --- prostaglandins --- dimethyl sulfoxide --- zileuton --- air pollution --- soot --- particulate matter --- lung inflammation --- functional groups --- microglia --- porcine liver decomposition product --- lysophospholipids --- mild cognitive impairment --- dementia --- neuroinflammation --- cytokines --- oxygen reactive species --- caloric restriction --- oxidative balance --- adiponectin --- plasma --- white adipose tissue --- experimental model --- anti-inflammatory diets --- inflammatory response --- chronic inflammation --- low grade chronic inflammation --- inflammatory models --- cyclophosphamide --- doxorubicin --- docetaxel --- paclitaxel --- n/a --- precision-recall

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Natural products hold a prominent position in the current discovery and development of drugs and have diverse indications for both human and animal health. Plants, in particular, play a leading role as a source of specialized metabolites with medical effects. Other organisms, such as marine and terrestrial animals and microorganisms, produce very important drug candidate molecules. Specialized metabolites from these varied natural sources can be used directly as bioactive compounds or drug precursors. In addition, due to their broad chemical diversity, they can act as drug prototypes and/or be used as pharmacological tools for different targets. Some examples of natural metabolites that have been developed into useful medical drug are cardiotonic digoxin from Digitalis sp., antimalarial artemisinin from Artemisia annua, anti-cancer taxol from Taxus sp., or podophyllotoxin from Podophyllum peltatum, which served as a synthetic model for the anti-cancer etoposide. The study of natural products is still attracting great scientific attention and their current importance, as a valuable lead for drug discovery, is undebatable. I cordially invite authors to contribute original articles, as well as survey articles, that give the readers of Molecules **MOLECULES NEEDS TO BE ITALICIZED** updated and new perspectives on natural products in drug discovery, including but not limited to natural sources, identification and separation of bioactive phytochemicals, standardization, new biological targets, pre-clinical and clinical trials, pharmacological effects/side effects, and bioassays.

dihydrochalcones --- cytotoxicity-guided --- n/a --- harpagoside --- biotechnology --- synergy --- Imperata cylindrica --- 5?-dimethylchalcone (DMC) --- antioxidant activity --- marine resources --- phenolic derivatives --- secondary metabolites --- antimicrobial agents --- antimicrobial resistance --- metabolomics --- Humulus lupulus --- chromatography --- stereochemistry --- FSE --- cytokines --- cytotoxic activity --- glutamate --- angiogenesis --- traditional medicine --- Ca2+ --- L6 cell --- human colon cancer cell lines --- siphonous green algae --- anti-inflammatory activity --- Phyllanthus chamacristoides --- spectroscopic analysis --- Physcomitrella patens --- Leishmania mexicana mexicana --- dementia --- prenylated phenolic compounds --- T2DM --- HPLC-ESI-microTOF-Q-MS/MS --- Eruca sativa --- Dryopteris fragrans --- chemosystematics --- 2? --- cerebellum --- Cleistocalyx operculatus --- inflammation --- multivariate data analysis --- Phyllanthus orbicularis --- HPLC --- cardiovascular disease --- Kv7 potassium channels --- marine peptides --- proliferation --- sulfated coumarins --- Orobanche s.l. --- phenylpropanoid glycosides --- Harpagophytum procumbens --- sesquiterpenoids --- TRPV1 --- Fideloside --- phenylethanoid glycosides --- Cuba --- molecular network --- NMR --- ketamine --- aging --- GLUT4 --- diabetes --- oxidative stress --- Lamiales --- circular dichroism --- psychosis --- antinociceptive --- immuno-regulation activity --- terpenoids --- NADPH oxidases --- diabetic neuropathy --- spagyric tincture --- H2S --- celastrol --- isolation and quantification --- 4?-dihydroxy-6?-methoxy-3? --- Leea indica --- C-glycoside --- neuropathic pain --- PANC-1 --- glucosinolates --- flavonoids --- bioactivities of natural products --- cardamonin --- isoflavones --- terpenes --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus --- malaria --- artemisinin --- natural products --- devil’s claw --- ACE inhibitory peptide --- pPancreatic cancer --- growth inhibitory activity --- mass spectrometry --- flavonoid --- phenolics --- Astragalus boeticus L. --- proanthocyanidins --- opioid --- Trifolium --- Trypanosoma brucei brucei --- acetylated astragalosides --- Fabaceae --- bioactive peptides --- LC-MS --- Dasycladus vermicularis --- Orobanchaceae --- migration --- glucoerucin --- ESI-MS/MS --- cancer --- zebrafish --- antihypertensive --- Bacopa monnieri --- chemical derivatization --- hypertension --- devil's claw

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Medicinal plants are used to treat diseases and provide health benefits, and their applications are increasing around the world. A huge array of phytochemicals have been identified from medicinal plants, belonging to carotenoids, flavonoids, lignans, and phenolic acids, and so on, with a wide range of biological activities. In order to explore our knowledge of phytochemicals with the assistance of modern molecular tools and high-throughput technologies, this book collects recent innovative original research and review articles on subtopics of mechanistic insights into bioactivities, treatment of diseases, profiling, extraction and identification, and biotechnology.

network pharmacology --- traditional herbal medicine --- methodological trend --- polysaccharide fraction --- Trichoderma atroviride --- Salvia miltiorrhiza --- proteomics --- tanshinones --- Flos Chrysanthemi indici --- essential oil --- extraction method --- chemical composition --- biological activity --- Garcinia linii --- hypoglycemia --- benzopyran --- triterpene --- bioflavonoid --- phenolic --- in silico --- neurodegenerative diseases --- naringenin --- pharmacological targets --- signaling pathways --- molecular mechanisms --- drug delivery systems --- luteolin --- hyphenated techniques --- chromatography --- colorectal cancer --- diterpenes --- inflammatory bowel diseases --- Polyalthia longifolia --- herbal medicine --- DESs --- preparative-scale purification --- flavonoids --- 20-hydroxyecdysone --- Chenopodium quinoa --- Zinc oxide nanoparticles --- anticancer --- antileishmanial --- antimicrobial --- biocompatibility --- cancer --- apoptosis --- herbs --- cell lines --- in vivo --- quercetin --- polyphenols --- Alzheimer’s disease --- mechanistic insights --- clinical directions --- isodon genus --- ent-kaurane diterpenoids --- natural compounds --- pathways --- medicinal plants --- bioactive compounds --- 4-hydroxynonenal --- deleterious effects --- Asiatic acid --- nasopharyngeal cancer --- cisplatin resistance --- MAPK pathway --- Anthocyanin --- Solanum nigrum L. --- flavonoid biosynthesis --- AtPAP1 --- licochalcone D --- non-small cell lung cancer --- reactive oxygen species --- Acorus gramineusand --- Euodia ruticarpa --- pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines --- steam distillation essential oil --- Th1/Th2 cytokines --- lignans --- Trachelospermum asiaticum --- GNPS --- targeted isolation --- Rheum undulatum --- Glycyrriza uralensis --- hepatic encephalopathy --- MMP-9 --- neuroinflammation --- luteolin-7-O-glucoside --- oral cancer --- migration --- invasion --- MMP-2 --- Astragalus mongholicus --- ultraviolet-B radiation --- phenolics --- untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry --- targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry --- Bacopa monnieri --- cheminformatics --- neurological diseases --- spinocerebellar ataxia --- system pharmacology --- (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) --- bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) --- catethin --- fracture healing --- local use --- cardiovascular diseases --- inflammation --- lipid metabolism --- non-coding RNA --- oxidative stress --- phenolic compounds --- Peucedanum ostruthium --- Apiaceae --- ELINA --- HetCA, STOCSY --- coumarines --- NF-ĸB --- VCAM-1 --- E-selectin --- Withaferin A --- matrix metalloproteinases --- antioxidant signaling --- Curcuma aromatica --- sesquiterpene --- anti-inflammatory --- luciferase assay --- cytotoxicity --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease