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History has shown that openness to trade is a key ingredient for economic success and for improved living standards. But simply opening the economy to international trade is not enough. Developing countries – especially the least developed – require help in building their trade-related capacities in terms of information, policies, procedures, institutions and infrastructure, so as to compete effectively in the global economy. Aid for trade aims to help countries overcome the supply-side constraints that inhibit their ability to benefit from market access opportunities. The almost 300 case stories show clear results of how aid-for-trade programmes are helping developing countries to build human, institutional and infrastructure capacity to integrate into regional and global markets and to make good use of trade opportunities. Together, these stories are a rich and varied source of information on the results of aid for trade activities – an indication of the progress achieved by the Aid-for-Trade Initiative.
Development --- Trade --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Economic assistance --- Aid for Trade (Initiative) --- Developing countries --- Developed countries --- Commerce. --- Foreign economic relations --- AfT --- Emerging nations --- Fourth World --- Global South --- LDC's --- Least developed countries --- Less developed countries --- Newly industrialized countries --- Newly industrializing countries --- NICs (Newly industrialized countries) --- Third World --- Underdeveloped areas --- Underdeveloped countries --- Advanced countries --- Advanced nations --- Developed nations --- Economically advanced countries --- Economically advanced nations --- First World --- Industrial countries --- Industrial nations --- Industrial societies --- Industrialized countries --- Industrialized nations --- World Trade Organization --- Western countries --- World Trade Organization.
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Succeeding with Trade Reforms: The Role of Aid for Trade highlights the potential of aid for trade to boost economic growth and reduce poverty, while discussing the various reasons why it may not be realised. In so doing, this book draws lessons for the design of aid-for-trade projects and programmes and for increasing their effectiveness. Building on this analysis, the book also quantifies the binding constraints to trade in developing countries and the importance of complementary and compatible policies (such as education, governance, business environment and macroeconomic stability) to maximise the impact of trade reforms on trade and economic growth.
Development --- Trade --- Economic assistance --- Aid for Trade (Initiative) --- Developing countries --- Developed countries --- Commerce. --- Foreign economic relations --- AfT --- Emerging nations --- Fourth World --- Global South --- LDC's --- Least developed countries --- Less developed countries --- Newly industrialized countries --- Newly industrializing countries --- NICs (Newly industrialized countries) --- Third World --- Underdeveloped areas --- Underdeveloped countries --- Advanced countries --- Advanced nations --- Developed nations --- Economically advanced countries --- Economically advanced nations --- First World --- Industrial countries --- Industrial nations --- Industrial societies --- Industrialized countries --- Industrialized nations --- World Trade Organization --- Western countries --- World Trade Organization.
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Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Aid for Trade (Initiative) --- Developing countries --- Developed countries --- Commerce. --- Foreign economic relations --- AfT --- World Trade Organization --- Emerging nations --- Fourth World --- Global South --- LDC's --- Least developed countries --- Less developed countries --- Newly industrialized countries --- Newly industrializing countries --- NICs (Newly industrialized countries) --- Third World --- Underdeveloped areas --- Underdeveloped countries --- Advanced countries --- Advanced nations --- Developed nations --- Economically advanced countries --- Economically advanced nations --- First World --- Industrial countries --- Industrial nations --- Industrial societies --- Industrialized countries --- Industrialized nations --- Western countries --- World Trade Organization.
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Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Aid for Trade (Initiative) --- Developing countries --- Developed countries --- Commerce. --- Foreign economic relations --- AfT --- World Trade Organization --- Emerging nations --- Fourth World --- Global South --- LDC's --- Least developed countries --- Less developed countries --- Newly industrialized countries --- Newly industrializing countries --- NICs (Newly industrialized countries) --- Third World --- Underdeveloped areas --- Underdeveloped countries --- Advanced countries --- Advanced nations --- Developed nations --- Economically advanced countries --- Economically advanced nations --- First World --- Industrial countries --- Industrial nations --- Industrial societies --- Industrialized countries --- Industrialized nations --- Western countries --- World Trade Organization.
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Why do rich countries flirt with fiscal disaster? Between the 1970s and the 2000s, during times of peace and prosperity, affluent countries-like Belgium, Greece, Italy, and Japan-accumulated so much debt that they became vulnerable and exposed themselves to the risk of default. In the past three decades, an extensive scholarly consensus emerged that these problems were created by fiscal indiscipline, the lack of sufficient concern for budgetary constraints from policy makers as they try to please voters. This approach formed the foundation for the fiscal surveillance system that attempted to bring borrowing in European countries under control via a set of fiscal rules. In the Red demonstrates that the problem of sustained, large-scale debt accumulation is an adjustment issue rather than a governance failure. Irrespective of whether the original impetus for borrowing arose from exogenous changes or irresponsible decision making, policy makers invariably initiate spending cuts and/or tax increases when debt grows at an alarming rate for several years in a row. Zsófia Barta argues that explaining why some countries accumulate substantial amounts of debt for decades hinges on understanding the conditions required to allow policy makers to successfully put into place painful adjustment measures.
Debts, Public --- Developed countries --- Developed countries. --- Foreign economic relations. --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Debt --- Bonds --- Deficit financing --- Advanced countries --- Advanced nations --- Developed nations --- Economically advanced countries --- Economically advanced nations --- First World --- Industrial countries --- Industrial nations --- Industrial societies --- Industrialized countries --- Industrialized nations --- Western countries --- Political Science --- Belgium --- Fiscal policy --- Greece --- Gross domestic product --- Ireland --- Italy --- Japan --- Social security
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Les migrations internationales constituent un véritable défi pour le monde contemporain. Bien que le constat ne soit pas nouveau, la croissance des flux dans le contexte actuel géopolitique, économique et environnemental appelle de nouveaux regards. Face à la diversification des destinations, des foyers de départ ou encore des profils des migrants, l’ouvrage privilégie la parole de « l’acteur migrant » et accorde une large place à ses stratégies et ses trajectoires. Sans sous-estimer les déterminants macro-économiques ou géopolitiques, les auteurs éclairent les initiatives des populations en migration et révèlent l’épaisseur sociale de leurs expériences. Ils mettent l’accent sur les logiques des organisations collectives et des réseaux sociaux, sur le rôle des migrants dans le développement ou encore sur les dynamiques culturelles associées au fait migratoire. Selon une perspective pluridisciplinaire, et à partir d’exemples africains, sud-américains ou asiatiques, l’ouvrage met en valeur la construction de nouveaux territoires de mobilité et montre la diversité des trajectoires migratoires depuis les pays du Sud vers ceux du Nord mais aussi, et de plus en plus, entre pays du Sud.
Emigration and immigration --- Emigration et immigration --- Government policy --- Politique gouvernementale --- Developing countries --- Developed countries --- Emigration and immigration. --- Advanced countries --- Advanced nations --- Developed nations --- Economically advanced countries --- Economically advanced nations --- First World --- Industrial countries --- Industrial nations --- Industrial societies --- Industrialized countries --- Industrialized nations --- Western countries --- Emerging nations --- Fourth World --- Global South --- LDC's --- Least developed countries --- Less developed countries --- Newly industrialized countries --- Newly industrializing countries --- NICs (Newly industrialized countries) --- Third World --- Underdeveloped areas --- Underdeveloped countries --- flux migratoire --- agriculture --- travailleur migrant --- développement --- frontière --- urbanisation --- diaspora --- migration internationale --- territoire
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"This book investigates how women have been cast with regard to climate change science and policy-making, such as roles as victims, drivers of change, laborers, and saviors"--
Women and the environment --- Climatic changes --- Women and the environment. --- Social aspects --- Social aspects. --- Developed countries. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Public Policy / Environmental Policy --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Gender Studies --- SCIENCE / Global Warming & Climate Change --- Environment and women --- Human ecology --- Ecofeminism --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Global environmental change --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Environmental aspects --- Advanced countries --- Advanced nations --- Developed nations --- Economically advanced countries --- Economically advanced nations --- First World --- Industrial countries --- Industrial nations --- Industrial societies --- Industrialized countries --- Industrialized nations --- Western countries
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The paper analyzes how the UNDP, the World Bank, and the IMF classify countries based on their level of development. These systems are found lacking in clarity with regard to their underlying rationale. The paper argues that a country classification system based on a transparent, data-driven methodology is preferable to one based on judgment or ad hoc rules. Such an alternative methodology is developed and used to construct classification systems using a variety of proxies for development attainment.
Economic development --- Econometric models. --- Developing countries --- Developed countries --- Advanced countries --- Advanced nations --- Developed nations --- Economically advanced countries --- Economically advanced nations --- First World --- Industrial countries --- Industrial nations --- Industrial societies --- Industrialized countries --- Industrialized nations --- Western countries --- Emerging nations --- Fourth World --- Global South --- LDC's --- Least developed countries --- Less developed countries --- Newly industrialized countries --- Newly industrializing countries --- NICs (Newly industrialized countries) --- Third World --- Underdeveloped areas --- Underdeveloped countries --- Banks and Banking --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- International Economics --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Economic Development: General --- Economic Development: Human Resources --- Human Development --- Income Distribution --- Migration --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Banking --- Poverty & precarity --- International institutions --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Personal income --- Poverty --- International organization --- Purchasing power parity --- Income --- Banks and banking --- South Africa
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In this paper we first compare house price cycles in advanced and emerging economies using a new quarterly house price data set covering the period 1990-2012. We find that house prices in emerging economies grow faster, are more volatile, less persistent and less synchronized across countries than in advanced economies. We also find that they correlate with capital flows more closely than in advanced economies. We then condition the analysis on an exogenous change to a particular component of capital flows. We find that a global liquidity shock, identified by aggregating bank-to-bank cross border flows and by using the external instrumental variable approach of Stock and Watson (2012) and Mertens and Ravn (2013), has a much stronger impact on house prices and consumption in emerging markets than in advanced economies. In our empirical model, holding house prices or the exchange rate constant in response to this shock tends to dampen its effects on consumption in emerging economies.
Housing --- Business cycles. --- Capital movements. --- International liquidity. --- Balance of payments --- International finance --- Liquidity (Economics) --- Capital flight --- Capital flows --- Capital inflow --- Capital outflow --- Flight of capital --- Flow of capital --- Movements of capital --- Foreign exchange --- Economic cycles --- Economic fluctuations --- Cycles --- Affordable housing --- Homes --- Houses --- Housing needs --- Residences --- Slum clearance --- Urban housing --- City planning --- Dwellings --- Human settlements --- Prices --- Social aspects --- Developed countries --- Advanced countries --- Advanced nations --- Developed nations --- Economically advanced countries --- Economically advanced nations --- First World --- Industrial countries --- Industrial nations --- Industrial societies --- Industrialized countries --- Industrialized nations --- Western countries --- Prices. --- Finance: General --- Foreign Exchange --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Real Estate --- Housing Supply and Markets --- Portfolio Choice --- Investment Decisions --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Property & real estate --- Finance --- Currency --- Housing prices --- International liquidity --- Consumption --- Exchange rates --- Asset and liability management --- National accounts --- Economics --- United States
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Globalization --- Employment (Economic theory) --- Wages. --- Mondialisation --- Emploi --- Salaires --- Economic aspects. --- Aspect économique --- Developed countries --- Developing countries --- Pays industrialisés --- Pays en développement --- Foreign economic relations --- Relations économiques extérieures --- 241 Hedendaagse wereldproblemen --- Globalisering --- 450 Werkgelegenheid en arbeid --- 339.9 --- 314.7 --- 331.5 --- 331.2 --- Buitenlandse economische betrekkingen. Internationale economische betrekkingen --- Migratie. Geografische mobiliteit. Verhuizingen--(demografie) --- Arbeidsmarkt. Werkgelegenheid --(algemeen) --- Loon. Salaris. Vergoeding --(algemeen) --- International economic relations --- Employment (Economic theory). --- 331.2 Loon. Salaris. Vergoeding --(algemeen) --- 331.5 Arbeidsmarkt. Werkgelegenheid --(algemeen) --- 314.7 Migratie. Geografische mobiliteit. Verhuizingen--(demografie) --- 339.9 Buitenlandse economische betrekkingen. Internationale economische betrekkingen --- Aspect économique --- Pays industrialisés --- Pays en développement --- Relations économiques extérieures --- Wages --- Compensation --- Departmental salaries --- Earnings --- Pay --- Remuneration --- Salaries --- Wage-fund --- Wage rates --- Working class --- Income --- Labor costs --- Compensation management --- Cost and standard of living --- Prices --- Economics --- Economic aspects --- Emerging nations --- Fourth World --- Global South --- LDC's --- Least developed countries --- Less developed countries --- Newly industrialized countries --- Newly industrializing countries --- NICs (Newly industrialized countries) --- Third World --- Underdeveloped areas --- Underdeveloped countries --- Advanced countries --- Advanced nations --- Developed nations --- Economically advanced countries --- Economically advanced nations --- First World --- Industrial countries --- Industrial nations --- Industrial societies --- Industrialized countries --- Industrialized nations --- Western countries
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