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The aortic valve is located at the center of the heart. It is the core of cardiac anatomy and aortic valve surgery has led the field of cardiac surgery. This book describes all aspects of aortic valve surgery and it will help clarify daily questions regarding the clinical practice in aortic valve surgery, as well as induce inspiration and new insights into this field.

Aortic valve --- Surgery. --- Cardiothoracic surgery

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Currently, aortic stenosis (AS) is the most prevalent valvular disease in developed countries. Pathological and molecular mechanisms of AS have been investigated in many aspects. And new therapeutic devices such as transcatheter aortic valve implantation have been developed as a less invasive treatment for high-risk patients. Due to advanced prevalent age of AS, further discovery and technology are required to treat elderly patients for longer life expectancy. This book is an effort to present an up-to-date account of existing knowledge, involving recent development in this field. Various opinion leaders described details of established knowledge or newly recognized advances associated with diagnosis, treatment and mechanism. Thus, this book will enable close intercommunication to another field and collaboration technology for new devices. We hope that it will be an important source, not only for clinicians, but also for general practitioners, contributing to development of better therapeutic adjuncts in the future.

Aortic valve. --- Valva aortae --- Heart valves --- Endocrinology

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As the most common cardiac valve disease, aortic stenosis is frequently encountered by healthcare providers in clinical practice. It may be suspected from a cardiac murmur found at a routine clinical exam, signs on ECG, heart failure, or an episode of syncope or arrhythmia. Echocardiography as well as other imaging tools provide information about the degree of severity of the stenosis. Nevertheless, careful judgement of potential symptoms is crucial. When it comes to treatment, a catheter-based approach has emerged as the preferred option in many cases, even though open-chest surgery is still standard treatment. Regardless of treatment modality, a multidisciplinary team is needed to provide optimal management of patients with aortic stenosis. This book provides all the necessary information on aortic stenosis, including etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up.

Aortic valve stenosis --- Surgery. --- Aortic stenosis --- Aortic valvular stenosis --- Aortic valve --- Stenosis --- Diseases --- Medicine --- Cardiac Surgery --- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine --- Health Sciences

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This forum of comprehensive reviews and research studies on distinct aspects of the pathophysiology of BAV aortopathy provides both the state of the art in the knowledge on this complex disease and novel insights into its causes and consequences. The present collection of focused papers also envisions and proposes new therapeutic strategies, novel biomarkers and original risk stratification criteria, for the improvement of patient management.

smooth muscle cells --- microRNAs --- aortic root --- endothelial cells --- aortic surgery --- bicuspid aortic valve --- 4DFlow analysis --- aortopathy

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Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are a large family of enzymes that function as signal transducers to regulate a diverse range of physiological responses. However, signaling via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK also underpin many disease processes. This Special Issue provides new insights into how MAPK signaling contributes to specific pathological processes across a range of conditions, including disorders of lung development, type 2 diabetes, proliferative skin diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological diseases.

Rabdosia inflexa --- inflammation --- gastric ulcer --- cytokines --- MAPK --- NF-κB --- extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 --- hyperoxia --- bronchopulmonary dysplasia --- HPAECs --- angiogenesis --- cell cycle --- SIRT1 --- oxidative stress --- psoriasis --- antimicrobial peptide --- cecropin A --- tight junction protein --- MEK/ERK signaling --- porcine intestinal epithelial cell --- extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) --- Kv4.2 --- PC12 cells --- infantile myofibromatosis --- receptor tyrosine kinases --- platelet-derived growth factor receptor --- protein kinase inhibitors --- sunitinib --- erlotinib --- FR180204 --- U0126 --- targeted therapy --- apoptosis --- ERK1/2 --- JNKs --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- neurodegeneration --- neuro-inflammation --- p38 MAPKs --- Parkinson’s disease --- mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) --- MAPK kinetics --- osteoclast differentiation --- bone remodeling --- DAPK --- ERK --- p38 --- JNK --- mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK pathway) --- protein tyrosine phosphatase interacting protein 51 (PTPIP51) --- protein-protein interaction (PPI) --- cancer signaling --- SR --- CR --- Compatibility --- T2DM --- metabolic profiling --- MAPK/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway --- reactive oxygen species --- PTPN6 --- SRC --- DOK4 --- MKK4 --- MKK7 --- p53 --- DUSP1 --- SIRT2 --- atherosclerosis --- aortic valve sclerosis --- aortic valve stenosis --- naphthalimide-metal complex conjugates --- N-heterocyclic carbene --- mitochondria --- ROS --- p38 MAPK --- cancer --- FGF-induced signaling --- FRS2 --- phosphorylation --- downregulation --- n/a --- Parkinson's disease