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Severe environmental problems were a key issue in the protests that marked the end of communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. This groundbreaking book provides new insights into the interaction between economic policy reforms, environmental protection efforts and environmental conditions in the region's subsequent transition to market-based economies and democratic societies over the past eight to ten years. The unique contribution of the book is its synthesis of a vast amount of information and cumulative experience together with detailed examples and case studies to provide a coherent analysis of the challenges and achievements in institutional strengthening and policy reform, environmental policy instruments, environmental financing, and environmental management in enterprises. It also reviews the development of domestic public participation and international co-operation for the safeguarding of the region's environment and discusses trends in industrial pollution and biodiversity protection. The book shows that economic reforms provided a crucial stimulus for environmental improvement, leading to reductions in high pollution levels. Moreover, several countries have strengthened their domestic environmental policies, institutions, and financing, resulting in further improvements. Nonetheless, many serious problems remain, and others have grown worse over the transition period: in many countries of the former Soviet Union in particular, economic crises and political stagnation have impeded environmental protection efforts. Continued partnerships between governments of the region, OECD donor countries, international financial institutions and organisations, environmental NGOs, businesses and trade unions, as well as public support for these, will be essential to reinforce the environmental improvements achieved thus far.

614.7 <4-11> --- 338.24 (4-11) --- 338.24 (4-11) Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Oost-Europa --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Oost-Europa --- Pollutie van lucht, water, grond--(openbare gezondheidszorg)--Oost-Europa --- Environmental economics --- Environmental policy --- Economie de l'environnement --- Environnement --- Politique gouvernementale --- Economics --- Environment and state --- Environmental control --- Environmental management --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- Government policy --- Environmental aspects --- Economic aspects --- Environment --- Business & Economics --- Economic History

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The collapse of central economic planning in many countries and the breakup of the Soviet Union have put into disarray systems of government revenues and expenditures in those countries. This collection of 16 papers, edited by Vito Tanzi, analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of fiscal policies under the old system of central planning and suggests ways to revitalize those policies in the newly emerging market economies.

Post-communism --- Fiscal policy --- 336.2 <4-11> --- -Fiscal policy --- -Post-communism --- -338.24 (4-11) --- politique fiscale --- systemes economiques --- europe de l'est --- AFR / Africa - Afrika - Afrique --- ASI / Asia - Azië - Asie --- EEU / Central & Eastern Europe --- 336.61 --- Transition economics --- -336.30947 --- Postcommunism --- World politics --- Communism --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- 338.24 (4-11) Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Oost-Europa --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Oost-Europa --- 336.2 <4-11> Belastingen. Belastingswezen. Openbare financien. Belastingspolitiek. Belastingstheorie. Belastingsharmonisatie. Fiskale politiek. Belastingsleer. Belastingsdruk. Belastingstechniek. Belastingsstelsel.Belastingstarief--Oost-Europa --- 336.2 <4-11> Belastingsakkoorden. Belastingswezen--Oost-Europa --- Belastingen. Belastingswezen. Openbare financien. Belastingspolitiek. Belastingstheorie. Belastingsharmonisatie. Fiskale politiek. Belastingsleer. Belastingsdruk. Belastingstechniek. Belastingsstelsel.Belastingstarief--Oost-Europa --- Belastingsakkoorden. Belastingswezen--Oost-Europa --- fiscaal beleid --- economische systemen --- oost europa --- Financieel beleid. --- Government policy --- Politique fiscale --- Postcommunisme --- 336.30947 --- 338.24 (4-11) --- Financieel beleid --- Budgeting --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Public finance & taxation --- Budgeting & financial management --- Privatization --- International economics --- Budget planning and preparation --- Expenditure --- Value-added tax --- Income --- Tax administration core functions --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Taxes --- National accounts --- Revenue administration --- Income tax --- Budget --- Expenditures, Public --- Spendings tax --- Debts, Public --- Hungary

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The recent global financial crisis has forced a re-examination of risk transmission in the financial sector and how it affects financial stability. Current macroprudential policy and surveillance (MPS) efforts are aimed establishing a regulatory framework that helps mitigate the risk from systemic linkages with a view towards enhancing the resilience of the financial sector. This paper presents a forward-looking framework ("Systemic CCA") to measure systemic solvency risk based on market-implied expected losses of financial institutions with practical applications for the financial sector risk management and the system-wide capital assessment in top-down stress testing. The suggested approach uses advanced contingent claims analysis (CCA) to generate aggregate estimates of the joint default risk of multiple institutions as a conditional tail expectation using multivariate extreme value theory (EVT). In addition, the framework also helps quantify the individual contributions to systemic risk and contingent liabilities of the financial sector during times of stress.

338.24 <4> --- 338.24 <4-15> --- CIS / Commonwealth Of Independant States - Gos - Cei --- 338 (4) --- 338.24 (4-11) --- EEU / Central & Eastern Europe --- EUR / Europe - Europa --- AT / Austria - Oostenrijk - Autriche --- CH / Switzerland - Zwitserland - Suisse --- DE / Germany - Duitsland - Allemagne --- IT / Italy - Italië - Italie --- PT / Portugal --- 382.51 --- 338.313 --- 330.52 --- 331.32 --- 380.23 --- 337.4047 --- 338.24 (4-11) Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Oost-Europa --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Oost-Europa --- 338 (4) Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Europa --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Europa --- 338.24 <4-15> Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--West-Europa --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--West-Europa --- 338.24 <4> Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Europa --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Europa --- Aard, belang en evolutie. Handelsbalans. J curve. --- Kapitalisme. --- Liberaal systeem. Neo-liberalisme. Theorie van de onderhandeling. --- Structuur van de economie. --- Vorming van internationale prijzen. Internationale gelijkheden en verschillen. Concurrentievermogen. --- Europe --- Europe, Eastern --- Former Soviet republics --- -CIS countries --- Commonwealth of Independent States countries --- Ex-Soviet republics --- Ex-Soviet states --- Former Soviet states --- New Independent States (Former Soviet republics) --- Newly Independent States (Former Soviet republics) --- NIS (Former Soviet republics) --- East Europe --- Eastern Europe --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Foreign economic relations --- -Case studies --- -Foreign economic relations --- -Economic conditions. Economic development --- Russia --- Financial crises --- Risk management --- Insurance --- Management --- Crashes, Financial --- Crises, Financial --- Financial crashes --- Financial panics --- Panics (Finance) --- Stock exchange crashes --- Stock market panics --- Crises --- E-books --- Aard, belang en evolutie. Handelsbalans. J curve --- Kapitalisme --- Liberaal systeem. Neo-liberalisme. Theorie van de onderhandeling --- Structuur van de economie --- Vorming van internationale prijzen. Internationale gelijkheden en verschillen. Concurrentievermogen --- -Financial crises. --- Risk management. --- Systemic risk. --- Economic conditions. Economic development --- Financial crises. --- -Eastern Hemisphere --- CIS countries --- -Financial crises --- Congresses. --- -338.24 <4> --- Accounting --- Exports and Imports --- Finance: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Public Finance --- Specific Distributions --- Model Construction and Estimation --- Financial Crises --- Contingent Pricing --- Futures Pricing --- option pricing --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Public Administration --- Public Sector Accounting and Audits --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- International Financial Markets --- Finance --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Financial reporting, financial statements --- Systemic risk --- Contingent liabilities --- Debt default --- Asset valuation --- Financial statements --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- Public financial management (PFM) --- External debt --- Asset and liability management --- Financial risk management --- Fiscal policy --- Debts, External --- Asset-liability management --- Finance, Public --- United States --- Option pricing --- Soviet Union

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This study, another in the series focusing on special issues in transition, reviews the experience of output decline and recovery in the 25 countries of eastern and central Europe and the Baltics, Russia, and other countries of the former Soviet Union. Although these countries began the process of economic transformation with similar circumstances of output decline, the extent of decline, its duration, and the sustainability of recovery in growth varied considerably. The authors explore the factors behind this variation and find that the most important policies promoting early and sustained recovery were ones that supported financial stabilization and structural reforms in key areas such as private sector development, the tax system, economic liberalization, and secure property rights.

330.05 --- 338.947 --- 331.32 --- 333.432.8 --- 338.341.0 --- 338.8 --- EEU / Central & Eastern Europe --- RU / Russia - Rusland - Russie --- 338.24 (4-11) --- 338.24 <47> --- 338 <4-11> --- 338 (47) --- 338.24 (4-11) Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Oost-Europa --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Oost-Europa --- 338 (47) Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- 338.24 <47> Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Rusland. Sovjet-Unie --- 338 <4-11> Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Oost-Europa --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Oost-Europa --- Structuur van de economie --- Internationale monetaire organisatie. Internationaal Muntfonds. Algemene leningovereenkomsten --- Internationale hulp: algemeenheden --- Economische groei --- Europe, Central --- Europe, Eastern --- Former Soviet republics --- CIS countries --- Commonwealth of Independent States countries --- Ex-Soviet republics --- Ex-Soviet states --- Former Soviet states --- New Independent States (Former Soviet republics) --- Newly Independent States (Former Soviet republics) --- NIS (Former Soviet republics) --- East Europe --- Eastern Europe --- Central Europe --- Economic conditions --- Econometric models. --- Working papers --- Business cycles --- History of Eastern Europe --- Exports and Imports --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Agribusiness --- Production and Operations Management --- Institutions and the Macroeconomy --- Labor Economics: General --- Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions --- Privatization --- Contracting Out --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Labour --- income economics --- Finance --- International economics --- Structural reforms --- Foreign direct investment --- Productivity --- Macrostructural analysis --- Economic sectors --- Balance of payments --- Production --- Labor economics --- Investments, Foreign --- Industrial productivity --- Russian Federation --- Income economics