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This book illustrates a few exemplary scientific topics addressed through the use of two complementary x-ray scattering techniques: inelastic x-ray scattering and x-ray powder diffraction. These scattering methods are the focus of the two main sections of this book. These sections are subdivided into chapters discussing specific applications. The general aim of this volume is providing a concise overview of the opportunities disclosed by these two experimental methods, providing some guidance for scientists picking up this field and, hopefully, inspiring more mature scientists towards the achievement of new advances in this area.

X-ray crystallography. --- X-rays --- Diffraction.

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Radiology --- X-rays --- Radiology.

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X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) deliver intense, coherent, femtosecond laser pulses in the X-ray range. The XFELs are opening two new research fields. One is to study ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics in various forms of matter. XFELs can make atoms and electrons in action visible. Another field is to study the non-linear interaction of the unprecedented intense X-ray pulse with matter. XFELs transform matter into its new form in extreme conditions that have never been reached. The present special issue provides an overview of the current status and future direction of the development of XFELs and the research fields opened by XFELs. Featured are reports on the status and plans of all FEL facilities in the world, i.e., FLASH in Germany, LCLS in USA, SACLA in Japan, FERMI in Italy, European XFEL, SwissFEL, PAL-XFEL in Korea, and Shanghai SXFEL in China. Reports are also included on instrumentations and on science at these facilities, as well as on the relevant theory.

X-ray lasers. --- Lasers, X-ray --- Nuclear-pumped lasers

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Radiography --- Radiology --- Radiologie --- Periodicals. --- Périodiques --- radiology --- utlrasonography --- mammography --- resonance imaging --- Radiography. --- Radiology. --- Diagnostic X-Ray --- Diagnostic X-Ray Radiology --- X-Ray Radiology, Diagnostic --- Radiology, Diagnostic X-Ray --- Roentgenography --- X-Ray, Diagnostic --- Diagnostic X Ray --- Diagnostic X Ray Radiology --- Diagnostic X-Rays --- Radiology, Diagnostic X Ray --- X Ray Radiology, Diagnostic --- X Ray, Diagnostic --- X-Rays, Diagnostic --- Radiological physics --- Physics --- Radiation --- Physical methods for diagnosis --- nucelar imaging --- nuclear medicine --- radiotherapy --- Radiografia. --- Fotografia per raigs X --- Fotografia científica --- Radiologia --- Autoradiografia --- Microradiografia --- Radiografia mèdica --- Raigs X

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The cardiac function relies on an intricate molecular and cellular three-dimensional (3d) architecture of a complex, dense and co-dependent cellular network. Structural alterations of the cardiac structure can affect its essential function and lead to severe dysfunction of the organ. Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide with a rising incidence.However, it is not possible to give a generalized answer how the heart is formed. Up to now, cardiac structure as well as physiologic and disease-related tissue alterations of the tissue are mainly investigated by established 2d imaging methods such as optical microscopy or electron microscopy.This work presents a multiscale and multimodal X-ray imaging approach, which allows to probe the heart structure from the scale of entire intact murine hearts to the molecular organisation of the sarcomer structure.While the molecular structure of the actomyosin complex is probed by scanning X-ray diffraction,the 3d arrangement of the cellular network is investigated by propagation-based X-ray phase-contrast tomography. In this context, the concept of 3d virtual histology of cardiac tissue by X-ray phase-contrast tomography using laboratory sources as well as highly coherent synchrotron radiation is being further developed.

X-ray --- cardiac cells --- cardiac tissues