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This paper analyzes the macroeconomics of HIV/AIDS. The paper highlights that the mortality and morbidity associated with AIDS make it unlike most other types of sickness and disease. The paper describes the most common approaches used in accounting for growth in the context of an HIV/AIDS epidemic. The impact of HIV/AIDS on education and the accumulation of human capital is discussed. The paper also discusses the impact of HIV/AIDS on the public sector, and elaborates certain demographic events specific to the HIV/AIDS pandemic.

Macroeconomics --- Microeconomics --- Infectious diseases. Communicable diseases --- Developing countries --- AIDS (Disease) --- Sida --- Economic aspects --- Statistics. --- Aspect économique --- Statistiques --- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes --- Epidemiologic Measurements --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral --- Population Characteristics --- Social Sciences --- Lentivirus Infections --- Slow Virus Diseases --- International Cooperation --- Financing, Organized --- Public Health --- Virus Diseases --- Economics --- Immune System Diseases --- Retroviridae Infections --- Internationality --- Health Care --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases --- Diseases --- Environment and Public Health --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- RNA Virus Infections --- Demography --- HIV Infections --- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome --- Developing Countries --- Financing, Government --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Communicable Diseases --- AA / International- internationaal --- 339.325.5 --- 351.2 --- Gezondheidszorg. --- Openbare gezondheid. Milieubescherming. Milieuvervuiling. --- Aspect économique --- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunological deficiency syndrome --- HIV infections --- Immunological deficiency syndromes --- Virus-induced immunosuppression --- Gezondheidszorg --- Openbare gezondheid. Milieubescherming. Milieuvervuiling --- economics --- statistics & numerical data --- E-books --- Accounting, Demographic --- Analyses, Demographic --- Analyses, Multiregional --- Analysis, Period --- Brass Technic --- Brass Technique --- Demographers --- Demographic Accounting --- Demographic Analysis --- Demographic Factor --- Demographic Factors --- Demographic Impact --- Demographic Impacts --- Demographic Survey --- Demographic Surveys --- Demographic and Health Surveys --- Demographics --- Demography, Historical --- Demography, Prehistoric --- Factor, Demographic --- Factors, Demographic --- Family Reconstitution --- Historical Demography --- Impact, Demographic --- Impacts, Demographic --- Multiregional Analysis --- Period Analysis --- Population Spatial Distribution --- Prehistoric Demography --- Reverse Survival Method --- Stable Population Method --- Survey, Demographic --- Surveys, Demographic --- Population Distribution --- Analyses, Period --- Analysis, Demographic --- Analysis, Multiregional --- Demographer --- Demographic Analyses --- Demographies, Historical --- Demographies, Prehistoric --- Distribution, Population --- Distribution, Population Spatial --- Distributions, Population --- Distributions, Population Spatial --- Family Reconstitutions --- Historical Demographies --- Method, Reverse Survival --- Method, Stable Population --- Methods, Reverse Survival --- Methods, Stable Population --- Multiregional Analyses --- Period Analyses --- Population Distributions --- Population Methods, Stable --- Population Spatial Distributions --- Prehistoric Demographies --- Reconstitution, Family --- Reconstitutions, Family --- Reverse Survival Methods --- Spatial Distribution, Population --- Spatial Distributions, Population --- Stable Population Methods --- Technic, Brass --- Technique, Brass --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- Demographic --- Demographic and Health Survey --- LMICs --- Low Income Countries --- Low and Middle Income Countries --- Lower-Middle-Income Country --- Middle Income Countries --- Countries, Middle Income --- Country, Low Income --- Country, Lower-Middle-Income --- Country, Middle Income --- Low Income Country --- Lower Middle Income Country --- Lower-Middle-Income Countries --- Middle Income Country --- Labor --- Diseases: AIDS and HIV --- Health Policy --- Health Behavior --- Health: General --- Analysis of Health Care Markets --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Education: General --- HIV/AIDS --- Health economics --- Labour --- income economics --- Health systems & services --- Education --- HIV and AIDS --- Health --- Health care --- Personal income --- Human capital --- National accounts --- HIV --- Viruses --- Income --- Medical care --- Botswana --- Hiv and AIDS --- Hiv --- Hiv/AIDS --- Income economics

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The paper addresses the impact of HIV/AIDS on per capita output and income, with particular emphasis on the role of labor mobility between the formal and informal sectors, and the impact of the epidemic on investment decisions. The study finds that HIV/AIDS affects both the supply of labor and the demand for labor in the formal sector. Only if there is a significant rise in the capital-labor ratio, will there be an increase in formal sector employment. However, this is associated with a decline in the rate of return to capital. To the extent that companies respond to this by reducing investment, conventional models underestimate the adverse impact on employment, per capita output, and income. The analysis of the impact of HIV/AIDS on output is complemented by an assessment of the impact on income.

Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Diseases: AIDS and HIV --- Health: General --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models --- Economywide Country Studies: Africa --- Health Behavior --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Professional Labor Markets --- Occupational Licensing --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- HIV/AIDS --- Labour --- income economics --- HIV and AIDS --- Personal income --- Unskilled labor --- Capital productivity --- Health --- National accounts --- Production --- HIV --- Viruses --- Income --- Labor market --- South Africa --- Hiv and AIDS --- Hiv --- Hiv/AIDS --- Income economics

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Using available data on the distribution of HIV/AIDS prevalence across population groups for four sub-Saharan African countries and transposing this information to household income and expenditure surveys, we simulate the impact of HIV/AIDS on poverty and inequality. We find that the epidemic lowers average income and increases poverty, and that the jump in poverty is larger than expected from the fall in average income. This disproportionate increase in poverty reflects the large share of the population living on the threshold of poverty and the higher HIV prevalence rates in those segments of the population.

AIDS (Disease) -- Economic aspects. --- AIDS (Disease) -- Social aspects. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Public Health --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Communicable Diseases --- AIDS (Disease) --- Economic aspects. --- Social aspects. --- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunological deficiency syndrome --- HIV infections --- Immunological deficiency syndromes --- Virus-induced immunosuppression --- Macroeconomics --- Diseases: AIDS and HIV --- Demography --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Health Behavior --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Demographic Economics: General --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- HIV/AIDS --- Poverty & precarity --- Population & demography --- HIV and AIDS --- Personal income --- Poverty --- Population and demographics --- Income distribution --- HIV --- Viruses --- Income --- Population --- Zambia --- Hiv and AIDS --- Hiv --- Hiv/AIDS

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The paper evaluates the impact of HIV/AIDS on welfare in several countries affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Unlike studies focusing on the impact of HIV/AIDS on GDP per capita, we evaluate the impact of increased mortality using estimates of the value of statistical life. Our results illustrate the catastrophic impact of HIV/AIDS in the worst-affected countries and suggest that studies focusing on GDP and income per capita capture only a very small proportion of the welfare impact of HIV/AIDS.

Macroeconomics --- Diseases: AIDS and HIV --- Demography --- Health: General --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- General Welfare --- Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income and Wealth: Africa --- Oceania --- Economic Development: General --- Health Behavior --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Demographic Economics: General --- HIV/AIDS --- Health economics --- Population & demography --- HIV and AIDS --- Health --- Personal income --- Aging --- Population and demographics --- National accounts --- HIV --- Viruses --- Income --- Population aging --- Population --- South Africa --- Hiv and AIDS --- Hiv --- Hiv/AIDS

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While production of ICT equipment plays a subordinate role for economic growth in most of these countries, they do benefit from capital deepening arising from falling prices of ICT equipment. Adapting established growth accounting approaches to the data environment of low-income countries, we quantify the growth impacts of absorption of ICT equipment, finding that ICT-related capital deepening contributed 0.2 percentage points to growth in low-income countries, and 0.3 percentage points in low-middle-income countries. The latter is about half the level typically found for industrialized countries.

Technological innovations --- Industrial efficiency --- Information technology --- Materials management. --- Effect of technology transfer on --- Materiel management --- Business logistics --- Industrial management --- Inventory control --- Material accountability --- Efficiency, Industrial --- Investments: General --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Production and Operations Management --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- General Aggregative Models: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Information technology in revenue administration --- Capital productivity --- Communications in revenue administration --- Capital accumulation --- National accounts --- Revenue --- Saving and investment --- National income --- United States