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In recent years, wireless communications have significantly evolved due to the advanced technology of smartphones;, portable devices; and the rapid growth of Internet of Things, e-Health, and intelligent transportation systems . Moreover, there is an increasing need for emerging intelligent services like positioning and sensing in the future intelligence society. Recent years have witnessed the growing research interests and activities in the communication and intelligence services in the optical wireless spectrum, as a complementary technology to more

sofware defined optics (SDO) --- n/a --- light to frequency converter --- white-light LED --- error observer --- nature conditions (thermal turbulence --- color independence --- feedforward control --- visible light communication --- adaptive power allocation scheme --- random forest (RF) --- localization algorithm --- generalized color modulation --- wearable device --- positioning --- tracking performance --- software defined radio (SDR) --- VLP --- multistate quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) --- fog) --- rain --- visible light communication (VLC) --- LED tail-light --- optical wireless communication --- LED indoor ceiling light --- multipath reflections --- k-nearest neighbors (kNN) --- bit-error ratio (BER) --- anti-disturbance ability --- vehicle-to-everything (V2X) --- mobile optoelectronic tracking system --- disturbance observer --- model reference --- indoor positioning system (IPS) --- fitting model --- Visible Light Positioning --- LED tilt --- inverse power allocation scheme --- non-orthogonal multiple access --- V2X --- visual MIMO --- color-space-based modulation

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Visible light communication (VLC) using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or laser diodes (LDs) has been envisioned as one of the key enabling technologies for 6G and Internet of Things (IoT) systems, owing to its appealing advantages, including abundant and unregulated spectrum resources, no electromagnetic interference (EMI) radiation and high security. However, despite its many advantages, VLC faces several technical challenges, such as the limited bandwidth and severe nonlinearity of opto-electronic devices, link blockage and user mobility. Therefore, significant efforts are needed from the global VLC community to develop VLC technology further. This Special Issue, “Visible Light Communication (VLC)”, provides an opportunity for global researchers to share their new ideas and cutting-edge techniques to address the above-mentioned challenges. The 16 papers published in this Special Issue represent the fascinating progress of VLC in various contexts, including general indoor and underwater scenarios, and the emerging application of machine learning/artificial intelligence (ML/AI) techniques in VLC.

visible light communication (VLC) --- dimming control --- constant transmission efficiency --- error performance --- light-emitting diode (LED) --- visible light communications --- deep learning --- bit error rate --- orthogonal frequency division multiplexing --- index modulation --- POF --- FSO --- LiFi --- LED --- orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) --- power efficiency --- peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) --- pre-distorted enhanced --- underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) --- ADO-OFDM --- gamma–gamma function --- full-duplex --- long-reach --- photon counting --- vehicular visible light communication (VVLC) --- intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) --- the number of mirrors --- energy efficiency (EE) --- carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation --- pairwise coding (PWC) --- dual-mode index modulation (DM) --- chaotic encryption --- visible light positioning (VLP) --- free-space communication --- RGB LED --- non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) --- superposition constellation adjustment --- successive interference cancellation --- bit error ratio --- NOMA triangle --- underwater wireless optical communication --- temporal dispersion --- bandwidth limitation --- Monte Carlo method --- maximum likelihood sequence estimation --- visible light communication --- nonlinear equalization --- reservoir computing --- neural network (NN) --- autoencoder (AE) --- transceiver design --- nonlinearity --- VLC --- predistortion --- coefficient approximation --- BLSTM --- orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing --- sampling frequency offset --- visible light communications (VLC) --- mmWave communications --- channel modeling --- channel propagation characteristics --- path loss --- delay spread (DS) --- Ricean K-factor --- cluster characteristics --- n/a --- gamma-gamma function

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This reprint is a reprint of the articles that appeared in Sensors' (MDPI) Special Issue on “Sensors and Systems for Indoor Positioning". The published original contributions focused on systems and technologies to enable indoor applications.

acoustic diffraction --- acoustic signal aberration --- cross-correlation aberration --- ultrasonic ranging --- visible light communication --- indoor positioning system --- fingerprint positioning --- weighted K-nearest neighbor --- distance metric --- ultrasonic transducers --- time of flight estimation --- pulse-echo technique --- ferroelectric films --- piezopolymer --- infrared sensor --- angle of arrival --- indoor localization --- wireless sensor networks --- navigation --- reinforcement learning --- 3D indoor positioning --- visible light positioning --- Wi-Fi positioning --- location fingerprinting --- RSSI-based positioning --- probabilistic approach --- information service --- book tracking --- fingerprint-based indoor positioning --- clustering --- RSSI --- CNN --- presence detection --- passive localization --- room impulse response --- acoustic localization --- frequency dependent attenuation --- ultrasonic signal --- cyber-physical system --- Industry 4.0 --- internet-of-reader --- IREAD 4.0 --- radio frequency identification --- RFID classification method --- smart gate --- smart forklift --- smart warehouse --- extended Kalman filter --- localization --- time of arrival --- carrier phase --- ambiguity resolution --- n/a

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Significant progress has been made in nanophotonics and the use of nanostructured materials for optoelectronic devices, including light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes, which have recently attracted considerable attention due to their unique geometry. Nanostructures in small dimensions, comprising nanowires, nanotubes, and nanoparticles, etc,. can be perfectly integrated into a variety of technological platforms, offering novel physical and chemical properties for high-performance, light-emitting devices. This Special Issue aims to present the most recent advances in the field of nanophotonics, which focuses on LEDs and laser diodes. We invite contributions of original research articles, as well as review articles that are aligned to the following topics that include, but are not limited to, thetheoretical calculation, synthesis, characterization, and application of such novel nanostructures for light-emitting devices. The application of nanostructured light-emitters in general lighting, imaging, and displays is also highly encouraged.

Liquid phase deposition method --- InGaN/GaN light-emitting diode --- silver nanoparticle --- zinc oxide --- localized surface plasmon --- β-Ga2O3 --- III-Nitrides --- monoclinic --- hexagonal arrangement --- high-power --- current distribution --- vertical structure LED --- blue organic light emitting diodes --- transport materials --- host-dopant --- nanoparticles --- luminescence --- non-stoichiometric ZnxAgyInS1.5+x+0.5y nanocrystals --- photoluminescence properties --- tunable fluorescence emission --- one-pot approach --- perovskite light-emitting diodes --- three-step spin coating --- hole transport layer --- PEDOT:PSS/MoO3-ammonia composite --- μLED displays --- μLEDs --- GaN nanowires --- core-shell structure --- ultraviolet (UV) emitter --- surface plasmon --- Pt nanoparticles --- hole-pattern --- photon emission efficiency --- distributed Bragg reflectors --- gratings --- GaN-based lasers --- linewidth --- epsilon-near-zero --- wideband absorber --- plasmon mode --- Brewster mode --- visible light communication --- photonic crystals --- flip-chip LED --- Purcell effect --- light extraction efficiency --- nanostructured materials --- surface/interface properties --- nanostructured light-emitting devices --- physical mechanism --- surface/interface modification --- surface/interface control --- micro-scale light emitting diode --- sapphire substrate --- encapsulation --- compound semiconductor --- nanostructure --- ultraviolet --- light-emitting diode (LED) --- molecular beam epitaxy --- GaN --- AlN --- photonic nanojet --- photonic nanojet array --- self-assembly --- template-assisted self-assembly --- patterning efficiency --- III-nitride thin film --- nanostructures --- ultraviolet emitters --- surface passivation --- luminescence intensity --- n/a