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Melding the rural and the urban with the local, regional, and global, Levantine cuisine is a mélange of ingredients, recipes, and modes of consumption rooted in the Eastern Mediterranean. Making Levantine Cuisine provides much-needed scholarly attention to the region's culinary cultures while teasing apart the tangled histories and knotted migrations of food. Akin to the region itself, the culinary repertoires that comprise Levantine cuisine endure and transform--are unified but not uniform. This book delves into the production and circulation of sugar, olive oil, and pistachios; examines the social origins of kibbe, Adana kebab, shakshuka, falafel, and shawarma; and offers a sprinkling of family recipes along the way. The histories of these ingredients and dishes, now so emblematic of the Levant, reveal the processes that codified them as national foods, the faulty binaries of Arab or Jewish and traditional or modern, and the global nature of foodways. Making Levantine Cuisine draws from personal archives and public memory to illustrate the diverse past and persistent cultural unity of a politically divided region.

Cooking --- The Levant, Levantine, food history, foodways, food studies, global cuisine, Eastern Mediterranean, culinary tradition, culinary history, culinary nationalism.

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The end of the Pleistocene (c. 75-15 ka) is a key period for the prehistory of the Nile Valley. The climatic fluctuations documented during this period have led human populations from the Middle and Late Palaeolithic to adapt to a changing Nile. In particular, the global shift to more arid conditions regionally translated into the expansion of the Sahara, the lowering of sea levels and the desiccation of some major eastern African lakes. These climatically-induced environmental changes influenced the behaviour of the Nile —although how exactly is still debated— and its role as an ecological refugium for human populations living in its vicinity. Genetic and fossil evidence highlight a strong population substructure in Africa during this period, suggesting the alternation of phases of major dispersals of modern humans within the continent, as well as out-of and back-into Africa, with phases of relative isolation of populations, which might be linked to the creation of environmental refugia during the climatic fluctuations of this period. Understanding to what extent the technological variability observed in north-eastern Africa between 75,000 and 15,000 years ago is linked to environmental changes and/or possible contacts between different human populations is critical in this context. The best-preserved evidence for past human behavior are archaeological assemblages, most often lithic assemblages. However, the use of different terminologies, whether they refer to cultural or techno-typological entities, hampers any systematic comparison between the Nile Valley on one hand and neighbouring regions on the other hand. An outcome of this practice is the artificial ‘isolation’ of the north-eastern African record from its neighbouring regions. This monograph groups together chapters presenting updated reviews and new data on regional archaeological, palaeoenvironmental, palaeoanthropological and geological records from north-eastern Africa, North Africa, the Levant and…

History & Archaeology --- Vallée du Nil --- Le Levant --- Afrique du Nord --- recherches paléolithiques --- Nile Valley --- North Africa --- palaeolithic research --- the Levant

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"Foundations of the Islamic State: Management, Money, and Terror in Iraq, 2005 to 2010 draws from more than 140 recently declassified documents to present a comprehensive examination of the organization, territorial designs, management, personnel policies, and finances of the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) and al Qaida in Iraq (AQI), both predecessors of the Islamic State. These records paint a clear picture of ISI practices and standard operating procedures. Leadership consciously designed the organization not just to fight but also to build an Islamic state governed by the laws dictated by its strict Islamist ideology. ISI was a vertically integrated organization with a central management structure and functional bureaus. It sought to replicate these structures at multiple lower geographic levels across territory. Each geographic unit had substantial autonomy to pursue the group's strategic objectives but was required to send frequent reports to the group's leadership; the central organization used these reports to inform decisions and provide strategic guidance. ISI paid its personnel a wage that would draw true believers rather than opportunists; trained and allocated its membership with an eye toward group effectiveness; raised revenues locally through diversified sources; and was able to maintain itself, albeit at much reduced strength, in the face of a withering counterterrorism and counterinsurgency strategy put in place by its opponents, starting in late 2006. An analysis of the Islamic State predecessor groups is more than a historical recounting. The lessons from examining the group's history are useful for setting expectations about the strengths and vulnerabilities of the Islamic State and its ability to combat its opponents, designing a coordinated and effective campaign against it, and understanding why it might be able to survive such an effort and sustain itself in the future, albeit perhaps at a lower level of threat. Defeating the Islamic State will require persistence. The record of counter-ISI operations from 2006 through 2010 shows that military action and political accommodation can work together to degrade the group substantially, if not defeat it" --Publisher's website.

IS (Organization) --- History. --- ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) --- ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) --- Islamic State of Iraq and Syria --- Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham --- Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant --- Dawlah al-Islāmīyah --- Daech --- Dāʻish --- Daesh --- Daeş --- IŞİD --- دولة الإسلامية --- داعش --- IGIL --- ИГИЛ --- Islamskoe gosudarstvo Iraka i Levanta --- Исламское государство Ирака и Леванта --- Dâʼisy al-ʻIrāq wa-asy-Syâm --- Daisy --- Daulah Islamiyah Iraq dan Syam --- Estado Islâmico --- ES --- Estado Islâmico do Iraque --- Estado Islâmico do Iraque e da Síria --- Estado Islâmico do Iraque e Síria --- Daʻiş --- Islamic State --- Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fi al-'Irāq wa-al-Shām --- دولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام‎ --- דאעש --- État islamique

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On September 11, 2001, Osama bin Laden declared "global jihad" on the West. In response to the day's attacks, the United States has waged its own global war on terrorism, which the Pentagon has described as a generational conflict similar to the Cold War. In The Islamic Challenge and the United States, Ehsan Ahrari takes a close look at this ideological conflict, focusing on the Middle East, Africa, and South and Central Asia. Arguing that the war on terrorism is founded on secular fundamentalism (an ideology that envisions Islam as dangerous and volatile because it mixes religion and politics) and the Enlightenment narrative, Ahrari suggests that the United States sees global jihadists as absolutist, irrational, obscurantist, and anti-modern. While violence on behalf of the Muslim community – ummah – is thus framed as reprehensible, violence on behalf of the Western nation-state is seen as sometimes necessary and often praiseworthy. Unsettlingly, this framework does not encourage careful scrutiny of America's historical dealings with the Muslim world. The belief that religion causes violence, Ahrari argues, may blind the West to its own forms of fanaticism. A timely analysis of one of the most contested issues of our times, The Islamic Challenge and the United States is a must-read for global security practitioners, policymakers, and general readers.

Islamic fundamentalism. --- Islam --- Fundamentalism, Islamic --- Islamism --- Religious fundamentalism --- IS (Organization) --- ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) --- ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) --- Daech --- Daeş --- Daesh --- Daʻiş --- Dāʻish --- Daisy --- Dâʼisy al-ʻIrāq wa-asy-Syâm --- Daulah Islamiyah Iraq dan Syam --- Dawlah al-Islāmīyah --- Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fi al-'Irāq wa-al-Shām --- ES --- Estado Islâmico --- Estado Islâmico do Iraque --- Estado Islâmico do Iraque e da Síria --- Estado Islâmico do Iraque e Síria --- IGIL --- IŞİD --- Islamic State --- Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham --- Islamic State of Iraq and Syria --- Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant --- Islamskoe gosudarstvo Iraka i Levanta --- ИГИЛ --- Исламское государство Ирака и Леванта --- داعش --- دولة الإسلامية --- دولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام‎ --- Islamic fundamentalism --- 21st century --- Terrorism --- Religious aspects --- War --- Security [International ] --- United States --- Foreign relations --- Middle East --- דאעש --- État islamique

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When applied to social science, psychoanalytic concepts make it possible to analyze totalitarian action and its derivative, authoritarian action, by highlighting what such regimes have in common: the destruction of frames of reference for space and time; their replacement of those reference points with a restrictive "surreality" and the assignation of individuals in the social space in terms of the love or hatred attributed to them by those in power. Whether in Stalinist Bolshevism, posited here as the matrix of the "totalitarian personality" in its extreme form of totalitarianism with the Islamic State; or in a more diluted variant in the Polish ruling party Law and Justice (PiS), each is characterized by the negation of temporal and spatial distance, and therefore by the negation of causal links, displacement and transformation of experience. These components are specific to the unconscious which, in dreams as Freud considered, acts upon factual datum, denies it, and reproduces it in another way, one that conforms more closely to the dreamers desires. For this reason, the politics that arise from these regimes have much in common with a hallucination. Francois Bafoil is an Emeritus Senior researcher, CNRS, at the Center for international research (CERI) Sciences Po, Paris, France. An expert of eastern Europe and energy politics, he is also a specialist of the relationship between psychoanalysis and social sciences, through the figures of Freud and Weber.

International relations. Foreign policy --- Criminology. Victimology --- Law --- veiligheid (mensen) --- internationale betrekkingen --- Totalitarianism --- Hallucinations and illusions --- Illusions --- Perceptual disorders --- Subconsciousness --- Delusions --- Totalitarian state --- Authoritarianism --- Collectivism --- Despotism --- Dictatorship --- Fascism --- National socialism --- Psychological aspects. --- Political aspects. --- IS (Organization) --- ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) --- ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) --- Daech --- Daeş --- Daesh --- Daʻiş --- Dāʻish --- Daisy --- Dâʼisy al-ʻIrāq wa-asy-Syâm --- Daulah Islamiyah Iraq dan Syam --- Dawlah al-Islāmīyah --- Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fi al-'Irāq wa-al-Shām --- ES --- Estado Islâmico --- Estado Islâmico do Iraque --- Estado Islâmico do Iraque e da Síria --- Estado Islâmico do Iraque e Síria --- IGIL --- IŞİD --- Islamic State --- Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham --- Islamic State of Iraq and Syria --- Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant --- Islamskoe gosudarstvo Iraka i Levanta --- ИГИЛ --- Исламское государство Ирака и Леванта --- داعش --- دولة الإسلامية --- دولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام‎ --- דאעש --- État islamique