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This collection covers the physical and chemical phenomena of metal surfaces, including surface modifications and treatments. It is targeted at researchers working in materials science and also at newcomers to the research field of metal surfaces and surface analysis.

mechanical alloying --- nanocrystalline alloys --- corrosion --- polarization --- EIS --- TiAl-based alloys --- hydrogen-induced softening --- dynamic recrystallization --- cracking --- molybdenum --- nuclear fusion reactors --- laser --- surface damage --- microstructure --- bipolar electrochemistry --- erosion-corrosion --- oil and gas --- impact wear --- steel --- hardness --- toughness --- micro fatigue --- cracks --- martensitic stainless steel --- Cr segregation --- fracture --- Charpy test --- XPS --- surface analysis --- metals and alloys --- metal coatings --- AES --- SPEM --- laser micromachining --- surface texturing --- surface roughness --- biomedical engineering --- tribology --- n/a

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The thirty-plus years of progress in the field of structural health monitoring (SHM) have left a paramount impact on our everyday lives. Be it for the monitoring of fixed- and rotary-wing aircrafts, for the preservation of the cultural and architectural heritage, or for the predictive maintenance of long-span bridges or wind farms, SHM has shaped the framework of many engineering fields. Given the current state of quantitative and principled methodologies, it is nowadays possible to rapidly and consistently evaluate the structural safety of industrial machines, modern concrete buildings, historical masonry complexes, etc., to test their capability and to serve their intended purpose. However, old unsolved problematics as well as new challenges exist. Furthermore, unprecedented conditions, such as stricter safety requirements and ageing civil infrastructure, pose new challenges for confrontation. Therefore, this Special Issue gathers the main contributions of academics and practitioners in civil, aerospace, and mechanical engineering to provide a common ground for structural health monitoring in dealing with old and new aspects of this ever-growing research field.

dynamic characteristic --- GB-RAR --- super high-rise building --- displacement --- wheel flat --- real-time monitoring --- strain distribution characteristics --- multisensor array --- precise positioning --- noncontact remote sensing (NRS) --- optical flow algorithm --- structural health monitoring (SHM) --- uniaxial automatic cruise acquisition device --- noise robustness --- sensitivity analysis --- cross-modal strain energy --- damage detection --- subspace system identification --- data-driven stochastic subspace identification (SSI-DATA) --- covariance-driven stochastic subspace identification (SSI-COV) --- combined subspace system identification --- PRISMA --- vibration-based damage detection --- crack damage detection --- piezoelectric impedance --- piezoelectric admittance --- peak frequency --- Bayesian inference --- uncertainty quantification --- masonry structures --- seismic structural health monitoring --- Bouc–Wen model --- model calibration --- hysteretic system identification --- BOTDR --- CFRP sheet --- un-bonded position --- cover delamination --- interfacial de-bonding --- monitoring system --- pipeline --- health and structural integrity --- Particle Impact Damper --- adaptive-passive damping --- damping of vibrations --- experiments --- submerged floating tunnel --- deep neural network --- machine learning --- sensor optimization --- failure monitoring accuracy --- mooring line --- sigmoid function --- Adamax --- categorical cross-entropy --- bending test --- bridge --- “compression–softening” theory --- frequency --- inverse problem --- nondestructive testing (NDT) method --- prestressed concrete (PC) girder --- prestress force determination --- prestress loss --- vertical deflection measurement --- rail --- guided wave ultrasound --- broken rail detection --- rail diagnostics --- structural health monitoring --- non destructive testing --- shape sensing --- inverse Finite Element Method --- fiber optics --- full-field reconstruction --- Structural Health Monitoring --- extreme function theory --- non-destructive testing --- extreme value theory --- generalised extreme distribution --- n/a --- Bouc-Wen model --- "compression-softening" theory

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Friction stir welding (FSW) is considered to be the most significant development in metal joining in decades and, in addition, is a ""green"" technology due to its energy efficiency, environmental friendliness, and versatility. This process offers a number of advantages over conventional joining processes. Furthermore, because welding occurs via the deformation of material at temperatures below the melting temperature, many problems commonly associated with joining of dissimilar alloys can be avoided, and thus, high-quality welds are produced. Due to this fact, FSW has been widely used in different industrial applications where metallurgical characteristics should be retained, such as in the aeronautic, naval, and automotive industries.

n/a --- microstructure --- material flow --- stainless steel --- materials position --- friction stir processing --- surface composites --- material orientation --- high nitrogen steel --- force–deflection model --- FSW --- mechanical properties --- FSW process --- dissimilar metal welding --- lognormal distribution --- grain orientation --- dissimilar joints --- friction-stir welding --- pin shapes --- deflection compensation control --- plunge depth control --- process analysis --- high-temperature softening materials --- Al/Fe dissimilar joining --- post-weld heat treatment --- aluminum alloy --- abnormal grain growth --- particle distribution --- intermetallic compounds --- non-equilibrium segregation --- microstructure analysis --- tilt angle --- Vickers microhardness --- the rotational speeds --- adaptive control --- offset position control --- friction stir spot welding --- friction --- plunge depth --- mechanical strength --- mechanical behaviour --- dissimilar welded joints --- friction stir welding --- Fe-containing constituents --- high rotation speed friction stir welding --- force-deflection model

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For this reprint, we intend to cover theoretical as well as experimental works performed on small scale to predict the material properties and characteristics of any advanced and metamaterials. New studies on mechanics of small-scale structures such as MEMS/NEMS, carbon and non-carbon nanotubes (e.g., CNTs, Carbon nitride, and Boron nitride nanotubes), micro/nano-sensors, nanocomposites, macrocomposites reinforced by micro-/nano-fillers (e.g., graphene platelets), etc., are included in this reprint.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- carbon nanotube-reinforced composite --- forced vibration --- dynamic analysis --- beam --- harmonic load --- assembly --- metal-organic frameworks --- hydrogen evolution reaction --- Cu2−xS --- interfacial interaction --- conducting carbon black network --- mechanical property --- electromagnetic interference shielding --- CNT --- elastic foundations --- nonlinear free vibration --- nonlinear frequency --- shallow shell structures --- hyperelastic micro/nanobeam --- extended modified couple stress theory --- strain-stiffening effect --- nonlinear frequency response --- functionally graded material --- thermoelasticity --- sliding contact --- wear --- heating from friction --- thermoelastic instability --- wood --- nano-, micro-, meso-, and macro-structure --- multiscale mechanical properties --- size effects --- Hall-Petch law --- dendrochronology --- surface bonding --- nanoporous graphene --- atomic force microscopy --- hyperelastic microcantilever --- softening resonance --- non-contact cantilever --- shooting and arc-length continuation method --- developed Galerkin method --- graphene nanoplatelets --- recycle carbon fibers --- air nanobubbles --- cement-based composites and nanocomposites --- mechanical properties --- electrical properties

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It is well known that many structural and physical problems cannot be solved by analytical approaches. These problems require the development of numerical methods to get approximate but accurate solutions. The minite element method (FEM) represents one of the most typical methodologies that can be used to achieve this aim, due to its simple implementation, easy adaptability, and very good accuracy. For these reasons, the FEM is a widespread technique which is employed in many engineering fields, such as civil, mechanical, and aerospace engineering. The large-scale deployment of powerful computers and the consequent recent improvement of the computational resources have provided the tools to develop numerical approaches that are able to solve more complex structural systems characterized by peculiar mechanical configurations. Laminated or multi-phase composites, structures made of innovative materials, and nanostructures are just some examples of applications that are commonly and accurately solved by the FEM. Analogously, the same numerical approaches can be employed to validate the results of experimental tests. The main aim of this Special Issue is to collect numerical investigations focused on the use of the finite element method

beam element --- Quasi-3D --- static bending --- functionally graded beam --- Monte Carlo method --- coalbed methane --- stochastic fracture network --- fracture geometric parameters --- dual-porosity and dual-permeability media --- finite element method --- three-phase composite materials --- Finite Element modeling --- sandwich plates --- zig-zag theory --- carbon nanotubes --- free vibrations --- soda-lime glass --- cohesive zone model --- rate-dependent --- impact loading --- finite element --- FGM --- plate --- material-oriented shape functions --- NURBS --- Finite elements --- finite bending --- 3D elasticity --- Eulerian slenderness --- compactness index --- Searle parameter --- Elastica --- pultruded beams --- effective stiffness matrix --- FRP --- hollow circular beams --- rigid finite element method --- composite --- steel-polymer concrete --- machine tool --- multibody system --- orthotropic failure criteria --- implementation --- plasticity --- masonry --- geometric nonlinearity --- FEM --- thermoelasticity --- bowing --- transient heat flux --- acoustic black holes --- acoustic-oriented design --- additive manufacturing --- vibroacoustics --- material parameter identification --- model order reduction --- reinforced concrete --- finite element analysis --- crack band --- strain localization --- post-peak softening --- viscoplastic regularization --- convergence --- mesh sensitivity --- bond–slip --- flexural behavior --- n/a --- bond-slip