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Before there were emails, instant messaging, and other forms of electronic communication, it was much easier for the courts to determine if a government investigation constituted a Fourth Amendment ""search."" If the police intruded on your person, house, papers, or effects-tangible property interests listed in the text of the Fourth Amendment-that act was considered a search, which had to be ""reasonable"" under the circumstances. However, with the advent of intangible forms of communication, like the telephone or the Internet, it became much more difficult for judges to determine when certai

Searches and seizures --- United States.

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Forensic Ecogenomics: The Application of Microbial Ecology Analyses in Forensic Contexts provides intelligence on important topics, including environmental sample provenance, how to indicate the body decomposition timeline to support postmortem interval (PMI) and postmortem submersion interval (PMSI) estimates, and how to enhance identification of clandestine and transit grave locations. A diverse group of international experts have come together to present a clear perspective of forensic ecogenomics that encapsulates cutting-edge, topical and relevant cross-disciplinary approaches vital to the field. Considers the effects of decomposition on bacterial, fungal and mesofaunal populations in pristine ecosystemsExamines the role of the microbiome, necrobiome and thanatomicrobiome in postmortem interval estimationsFocuses on the application of different analytical techniques across forensics to enhance/expand the crime scene investigation toolkitWritten by a wide range of international experts in their respective fields.

Forensic biology. --- Crime scene searches.

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Crime scene searches. --- Crime scene investigations --- Searches of crime scenes --- Criminal investigation

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Search and seizure in law enforcement is an important area, and this book is devoted solely to that topic. This book aims to provide critical information about the U. S. Constitution, with special emphasis on search and seizure. It will help law enforcement officers to increase their legal knowledge about search and seizure and create a framework for effective problem solving and decision making in the field. It is practically written and focuses on practical ideas. To help the reader develop analytic abilities for practice, brief quotations from U. S. Supreme Court cases reveal legal reasonin

Police -- United States -- Handbooks, manuals, etc. --- Searches and seizures -- United States. --- Searches and seizures --- Police

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Police are required to obey the law. While that seems obvious, courts have lost track of that requirement due to misinterpreting the two constitutional provisions governing police conduct: the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. The Fourth Amendment forbids "unreasonable searches and seizures" and is the source of most constitutional constraints on policing. Although that provision technically applies only to the federal government, the Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in the wake of the Civil War, has been deemed to apply the Fourth Amendment to the States. This book contends that the courts' misinterpretation of these provisions has led them to hold federal and state law enforcement mistakenly to the same constitutional standards. The Fourth Amendment was originally understood as a federalism, or "states' rights," provision that, in effect, required federal agents to adhere to state law when searching or seizing. Thus, applying the same constraint to the States is impossible. Instead, the Fourteenth Amendment was originally understood in part as requiring that state officials (1) adhere to state law, (2) not discriminate, and (3) not be granted excessive discretion by legislators. These principles should guide judicial review of modern policing. Instead, constitutional constraints on policing are too strict and too forgiving at the same time. In this book, Michael J.Z. Mannheimer calls for a reimagination of what modern policing could look like based on the original understandings of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments.

Police --- Searches and seizures --- Law and legislation --- United States.