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This book is a historical and philosophical meditation on paying back and buying back, that is, it is about retaliation and redemption. It takes the law of the talion - eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth - seriously. In its biblical formulation that law states the value of my eye in terms of your eye, the value of your teeth in terms of my teeth. Eyes and teeth become units of valuation. But the talion doesn't stop there. It seems to demand that eyes, teeth, and lives are also to provide the means of payment. Bodies and body parts, it seems, have a just claim to being not just money, but the first and precisest of money substances. In its highly original way, the book offers a theory of justice, not an airy theory though. It is about getting even in a toughminded, unsentimental, but respectful way. And finds that much of what we take to be justice, honor, and respect for persons requires, at its core, measuring and measuring up.

Lex talionis --- Law, Ancient. --- Law, Primitive. --- History. --- Law, Ancient --- Law, Primitive --- Retaliation (Law) --- Retribution (Law) --- Retributive justice --- Talion (Law) --- Revenge --- Vendetta --- Primitive law --- Law --- Ancient law --- History --- Customs (Law) --- Folk law --- Traditional law --- Usage and custom (Law) --- Social norms --- Common law --- Time immemorial (Law) --- General and Others --- Lex talionis - History. --- Customary law.

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This book contributes to the literature on conflict and terrorism through a selection of articles that deal with theoretical, methodological and empirical issues related to the topic. The papers study important problems, are original in their approach and innovative in the techniques used. This will be useful for researchers in the fields of game theory, economics and political sciences.

European Union (EU), spatial autoregression and connectivity --- alliance --- strategic free riding --- Nash equilibrium --- terror cycles --- terror paths --- counterterror policy --- conflict dynamics --- asymmetric conflict --- continuous game --- national security --- Blotto game --- imperfect information --- machine learning --- terrorism --- game theory --- hybrid threats --- state competition --- prospect theory --- grand strategy --- retaliation --- counterterror --- coalition --- backlash --- conflict --- contests --- momentum --- n/a

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Secrets and Leaks examines the complex relationships among executive power, national security, and secrecy. State secrecy is vital for national security, but it can also be used to conceal wrongdoing. How then can we ensure that this power is used responsibly? Typically, the onus is put on lawmakers and judges, who are expected to oversee the executive. Yet because these actors lack access to the relevant information and the ability to determine the harm likely to be caused by its disclosure, they often defer to the executive's claims about the need for secrecy. As a result, potential abuses are more often exposed by unauthorized disclosures published in the press. But should such disclosures, which violate the law, be condoned? Drawing on several cases, Rahul Sagar argues that though whistleblowing can be morally justified, the fear of retaliation usually prompts officials to act anonymously--that is, to "leak" information. As a result, it becomes difficult for the public to discern when an unauthorized disclosure is intended to further partisan interests. Because such disclosures are the only credible means of checking the executive, Sagar writes, they must be tolerated, and, at times, even celebrated. However, the public should treat such disclosures skeptically and subject irresponsible journalism to concerted criticism.

POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Freedom & Security / International Security. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Government / Executive Branch. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / History & Theory. --- Whistle blowing --- Leaks (Disclosure of information) --- Official secrets. --- Disclosure of information --- Disclosing official secrets --- Government secrecy --- Secrecy in government --- Secrets, Official --- Secrets of state --- Confidential communications --- Criminal law --- Government and the press --- Government information --- Ministerial responsibility --- Secrecy --- Blowing the whistle --- Whistleblowing --- Public interest --- Political aspects. --- Official secrets --- United States --- Political aspects --- Politisk videnskab --- Congress. --- Constitution. --- Freedom of Information Act. --- U.S. Congress. --- anonymity of disclosures. --- classified information disclosure. --- classified information. --- courts. --- democracy. --- executive power. --- executive privilege. --- executive. --- judges. --- judicial review. --- law. --- leaking. --- legitimacy. --- national security. --- public interest. --- retaliation. --- state secrecy. --- statecraft. --- transparency. --- unauthorized disclosure. --- unauthorized disclosures. --- whistleblowers. --- whistleblowing. --- wrongdoing.