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This book is devoted to analysis of Monte Carlo methods developed in rarefied gas dynamics. Presented is the short history of the development of such methods, described are their main properties, their advantages and deficiencies. It is shown that the contemporary stage in the progress of computational methods cannot be regarded without a complex approach to the preparation of algorithms taking into account all the peculiarities of the problem under consideration, that is, of the physical nature of a process, the mathematical model and the theoretical aspects of computational mathematics and s

Rarefied gas dynamics --- Monte Carlo method. --- Mathematics.

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C. Ferrari: Premessa.- M.S.v. Krzywoblocki: The mathematical aspects of rarefied gas dynamics as applied to hypersonic, reentry and magneto-ggas-dynamics.- J. Kampé de Fériet: La théorie de l´information et la mécanique statistique classique des systèmes en équilibre.- M. Lunc: Equations de transport.- I. Estermann: 1. Applications of molecular beams to problems in rarefied gas dynamics. 2. Experimental methods in rarefied gas dynamics.- S. Nocilla: Sull´integrazione tra flussi di molecole libere e superfici rigide.- F. Sernagiotto: Solution of Rayleigh’s problem for the whole range of Knudsen numbers.- G. Tironi: Linearized Rayleigh’s Problem in magnetogasdynamics.- D. Graffi: Alcuni richiami sulla ionosfera.- C. Agostinelli: Le equazioni delle onde d’urto in un gas rarefatto elettricamente conduttore soggetto a un campo magnetico.

Rarefied gas dynamics -- Congresses. --- Rarefied gas dynamics -- Mathematical models. --- Rarefied gas dynamics. --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Mathematics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Applied Physics --- Calculus --- Gas dynamics. --- Gasdynamics --- Mathematics. --- Partial differential equations. --- Thermodynamics. --- Continuum mechanics. --- Partial Differential Equations. --- Continuum Mechanics and Mechanics of Materials. --- Fluid dynamics --- Thermodynamics --- Differential equations, partial. --- Mechanics. --- Mechanics, Applied. --- Solid Mechanics. --- Partial differential equations --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Applied mechanics --- Engineering, Mechanical --- Engineering mathematics --- Classical mechanics --- Newtonian mechanics

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The well known transport laws of Navier-Stokes and Fourier fail for the simulation of processes on lengthscales in the order of the mean free path of a particle that is when the Knudsen number is not small enough. Thus, the proper simulation of flows in rarefied gases requires a more detailed description. This book discusses classical and modern methods to derive macroscopic transport equations for rarefied gases from the Boltzmann equation, for small and moderate Knudsen numbers, i.e. at and above the Navier-Stokes-Fourier level. The main methods discussed are the classical Chapman-Enskog and Grad approaches, as well as the new order of magnitude method, which avoids the short-comings of the classical methods, but retains their benefits. The relations between the various methods are carefully examined, and the resulting equations are compared and tested for a variety of standard problems. The book develops the topic starting from the basic description of an ideal gas, over the derivation of the Boltzmann equation, towards the various methods for deriving macroscopic transport equations, and the test problems which include stability of the equations, shock waves, and Couette flow.

Rarefied gas dynamics. --- Gaz raréfiés, Dynamique des --- Engineering. --- Mathematics. --- Statistical physics. --- Thermodynamics. --- Engineering Thermodynamics, Transport Phenomena. --- Applications of Mathematics. --- Statistical Physics. --- Physics and Applied Physics in Engineering. --- Rarefied gas dynamics --- Applied Physics --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Superaerodynamics --- Applied mathematics. --- Engineering mathematics. --- System theory. --- Heat engineering. --- Heat transfer. --- Mass transfer. --- Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer. --- Complex Systems. --- Engineering, general. --- Statistical Physics and Dynamical Systems. --- Fluid dynamics (Space environment) --- Gas dynamics --- Physics --- Mathematical statistics --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Math --- Science --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Statistical methods --- Dynamical systems. --- Dynamical systems --- Kinetics --- Mathematics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Force and energy --- Statics --- Engineering --- Engineering analysis --- Mathematical analysis --- Mass transport (Physics) --- Thermodynamics --- Transport theory --- Heat transfer --- Thermal transfer --- Transmission of heat --- Energy transfer --- Mechanical engineering --- Dynamics. --- Transmission.

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The last two decades have witnessed a rapid development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) involving gas microflows in various technical fields. Gas microflows can, for example, be observed in microheat exchangers designed for chemical applications or for cooling of electronic components, in fluidic microactuators developed for active flow control purposes, in micronozzles used for the micropropulsion of nano and picosats, in microgas chromatographs, analyzers or separators, in vacuum generators and in Knudsen micropumps, as well as in some organs-on-a-chip, such as artificial lungs. These flows are rarefied due to the small MEMS dimensions, and the rarefaction can be increased by low-pressure conditions. The flows relate to the slip flow, transition or free molecular regimes and can involve monatomic or polyatomic gases and gas mixtures. Hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer are strongly impacted by rarefaction effects, and temperature-driven microflows offer new opportunities for designing original MEMS for gas pumping or separation. Accordingly, this Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles that focus on novel theoretical and numerical models or data, as well as on new experimental results and technics, for improving knowledge on heat and mass transfer in gas microflows. Papers dealing with the development of original gas MEMS are also welcome.

preconcentrator --- UV absorption --- n/a --- bearing characteristics --- ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV LED) --- resonant micro-electromechanical-systems (MEMS) --- heat sinks --- measurement and control --- flow choking --- mixing length --- gas flows in micro scale --- BTEX --- kinetic theory --- PID detector --- ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- OpenFOAM --- direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) --- thermally induced flow --- vacuum micropump --- miniaturization --- gaseous rarefaction effects --- modelling --- volatile organic compound (VOC) detection --- supersonic microjets --- slip flow --- Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems (NEMS) --- micro-mirrors --- micro-scale flows --- microfabrication --- Knudsen pump --- microfluidic --- microfluidics --- hollow core waveguides --- capillary tubes --- gas mixing --- advanced measurement technologies --- DSMC --- Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) --- microchannels --- miniaturized gas chromatograph --- Pitot tube --- multi-stage micromixer --- analytical solution --- pressure drop --- micro-mixer --- thermal transpiration --- photoionization detector --- FE analysis --- gas mixtures --- spectrophotometry --- Knudsen layer --- pulsed flow --- Fanno flow --- integrated micro sensors --- binary gas mixing --- modified Reynolds equation --- rarefied gas flow --- rarefied gas flows --- backward facing step --- modular micromixer --- fractal surface topography --- underexpansion --- electronic cooling --- splitter --- compressibility --- photolithography --- Benzene --- out-of-plane comb actuation --- gas sensors --- aerodynamic effect --- fluid damping --- toluene --- control mixture composition

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This Special Issue compiles 11 scientific works that were presented during the International Symposium on Thermal Effects in Gas Flow in Microscale, ISTEGIM 2019, held in Ettlingen, Germany, in October 2019. This symposium was organized in the framework of the MIGRATE Network, an H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie European Training Network that ran from November 2015 to October 2019 (www.migrate2015.eu). MIGRATE intends to address some of the current challenges in innovation that face the European industry with regard to heat and mass transfer in gas-based microscale processes. The papers collected in this book focus on fundamental issues that are encountered in microfluidic systems involving gases, such as the analysis of gas–surface interactions under rarefied conditions, the development of innovative integrated microsensors for airborne pollutants, new experimental techniques for the measurement of local quantities in miniaturized devices and heat transfer issues inside microchannels. The variety of topics addressed in this book emphasizes that multi-disciplinarity is the real common thread of the current applied research in microfluidics. We hope that this book will help to stimulate early-stage researchers who are working in microfluidics all around the world. This book is dedicated to them!

femtosecond laser micromachining --- high order harmonic generation --- de laval gas micro nozzle --- attosecond science --- thermal effects --- substrate conductivity --- absorptive heating --- evaporative cooling --- vapor pressure difference --- reduced model --- LMTD method --- conjugate heat transfer (CHT) --- compressible fluid --- maldistribution --- gas–surface interaction --- thermal accommodation coefficient --- vacuum --- experimental study --- optical signals monitoring --- air–water flows --- slug velocity --- slug frequency --- rarefied gas --- accommodation coefficient --- molecular dynamics (MD) simulation --- Ar–Au interaction --- He–Au interaction --- mixing rules --- ab-initio potentials --- micro channel --- wire-net perturbators --- s-shaped perturbators --- high-temperature heat exchangers --- surface scanning optics --- Raman --- near infrared --- middle infrared imaging --- scanning --- multimodal spectroscopy --- local reaction control techniques --- microchannel --- cryogenics --- MATLAB® --- numerical thermal analysis --- cryocooler --- regenerator --- optimization --- ANSYS Fluent --- slip velocity --- channel flow --- molecular tagging velocimetry --- metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-based fluorescence sensing --- light emitting diode (LED)-induced fluorescence --- SU-8 2015 waveguide --- silicon fluidic cell --- 3,5–diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL) --- n/a --- gas-surface interaction --- air-water flows --- Ar-Au interaction --- He-Au interaction --- 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL)