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What is politics about? At its core, politics is about resolving matters that are contested in a society or group. It exists not only within and between states, but also within religious institutions, sports organisations, commercial enterprises, schools and social organisations. Politics is driven by conflict, but also by cooperation. To understand politics, we must ask specific ('key') questions about the nature of political conflict, about persons, groups and institutions that are involved, about their resources, and about the wider context that both constrains and provides opportunities for all. It also requires an understanding of concepts such as power, influence and political community, and, of course, of the terms politics, conflict and cooperation. This book is about the 'essence' of politics, which is introduced by way of key questions and concepts that are indispensable for understanding politics in many different settings.

Politics --- Social ethics. --- Political ethics. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE --- Ethics --- Social problems --- Sociology --- Ethics, Political --- Ethics in government --- Government ethics --- Political science --- Politics, Practical --- Civics --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- General. --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Political Conflict. --- Political Cooperation, Political Community, Political System. --- Political Science. --- Politics. --- Power.

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The period between the French Revolution and World War II was a time of tremendous growth in both mapmaking and map reading throughout Europe. There is no better place to witness this rise of popular cartography than in Alsace-Lorraine, a disputed borderland that the French and Germans both claimed as their national territory. Desired for its prime geographical position and abundant natural resources, Alsace-Lorraine endured devastating wars from 1870 to 1945 that altered its borders four times, transforming its physical landscape and the political allegiances of its citizens. For the border population whose lives were turned upside down by the French-German conflict, maps became essential tools for finding a new sense of place and a new sense of identity in their changing national and regional communities. Turning to a previously undiscovered archive of popular maps, Cartophilia reveals Alsace-Lorraine's lively world of citizen mapmakers that included linguists, ethnographers, schoolteachers, hikers, and priests. Together, this fresh group of mapmakers invented new genres of maps that framed French and German territory in original ways through experimental surveying techniques, orientations, scales, colors, and iconography. In focusing on the power of "bottom-up" maps to transform modern European identities, Cartophilia argues that the history of cartography must expand beyond the study of elite maps and shift its emphasis to the democratization of cartography in the modern world.

Cartography --- Political aspects --- Alsace (France) --- Lorraine (France) --- France --- Germany --- Maps --- History --- Boundaries --- History. --- maps, identity, europe, european, international, global, western world, borders, france, germany, history, historical, professor, academic, scholarly, college, university, cartography, map making, wwii, postwar, popular culture, surveying, iconography, politics, political, conflict, boundaries, states, immigration, language, social studies, strasbourg, geography, geographical, textbook, research.

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Still and moving images are crucial factors in contemporary political conflicts. They not only have representational, expressive or illustrative functions, but also augment and create significant events. Beyond altering states of mind, they affect bodies and often life or death is at stake. Various forms of image operations are currently performed in the contexts of war, insurgency and activism. Photographs, videos, interactive simulations and other kinds of images steer drones to their targets, train soldiers, terrorise the public, celebrate protest icons, uncover injustices, or call for help. They are often parts of complex agential networks and move across different media and cultural environments. This book is a pioneering interdisciplinary study of the role and function of images in political life. Balancing theoretical reflections with in-depth case studies, it brings together renowned scholars and activists from different fields to offer a multifaceted critical perspective on a crucial aspect of contemporary visual culture.

War. --- Politics in art. --- Motion pictures --- Mass media --- Images, Photographic. --- Documentary mass media. --- Guerre. --- Politique dans l'art. --- Cinéma --- Images photographiques. --- Médias documentaires. --- Photographic images --- Image processing --- Imaging systems --- Optical images --- Photography --- Cinema --- Feature films --- Films --- Movies --- Moving-pictures --- Audio-visual materials --- Performing arts --- Armed conflict (War) --- Conflict, Armed (War) --- Fighting --- Hostilities --- Wars --- International relations --- Military art and science --- Peace --- Communication in politics --- Political aspects. --- Aspect politique. --- History and criticism --- Documentary mass media --- Images, Photographic --- Politics in motion pictures --- Politics in art --- War --- Political aspects --- Mass media - Political aspects --- Motion pictures - Political aspects --- Mass media Political aspects --- Activism. --- Image operations. --- Insurgency. --- Military. --- Political conflict. --- Terrorism. --- Visual Culture. --- Visual media. --- Warfare.

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A free open access ebook is available upon publication. Learn more at www.luminosoa.org. This boldly original book traces the evolution of documentary film and photography as they migrated onto digital platforms during the first decades of the twenty-first century. Kris Fallon examines the emergence of several key media forms-social networking and crowdsourcing, video games and virtual environments, big data and data visualization-and demonstrates the formative influence of political conflict and the documentary film tradition on their evolution and cultural integration. Focusing on particular moments of political rupture, Fallon argues that the ideological rifts of the period inspired the adoption and adaptation of newly available technologies to encourage social mobilization and political action, a function performed for much of the previous century by independent documentary film. Positioning documentary film and digital media side by side in the political sphere, Fallon asserts that "truth" now lies in a new set of media forms and discursive practices that implicitly shape the documentation of everything from widespread cultural spectacles like wars and presidential elections to more invisible or isolated phenomena like the Abu Ghraib torture scandal or the "fake news" debates of 2016.

Digital media --- Documentary mass media --- Mass media --- Online social networks --- Films, cinema --- Media studies --- Politics & government --- Political aspects --- Objectivity --- Electronic social networks --- Social networking Web sites --- Virtual communities --- Social media --- Social networks --- Sociotechnical systems --- Web sites --- Mass communication --- Media, Mass --- Media, The --- Communication --- Electronic media --- New media (Digital media) --- Digital communications --- Online journalism --- 21st century. --- abu ghraib torture. --- big data. --- crowdsourcing. --- cultural integration. --- data visualization. --- digital platforms. --- documentary film tradition. --- documentary film. --- evolution. --- fake news. --- formative influence. --- ideological rifts. --- key media forms. --- photography. --- political action. --- political conflict. --- political rupture. --- presidential elections. --- scandal. --- social networking. --- video games. --- virtual environments. --- wars. --- Communities, Online (Online social networks) --- Communities, Virtual (Online social networks) --- Online communities (Online social networks)

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A distinctive feature of the conflict in Northern Ireland over the past forty years has been the way Catholic and Protestant paramilitaries have policed their own communities. This has mainly involved the violent punishment of petty criminals involved in joyriding and other types of antisocial behavior. Between 1973 and 2007, more than 5,000 nonmilitary shootings and assaults were attributed to paramilitaries punishing their own people. But despite the risk of severe punishment, young petty offenders--known locally as "hoods"--continue to offend, creating a puzzle for the rational theory of criminal deterrence. Why do hoods behave in ways that invite violent punishment? In The Hoods, Heather Hamill explains why this informal system of policing and punishment developed and endured and why such harsh punishments as beatings, "kneecappings," and exile have not stopped hoods from offending. Drawing on a variety of sources, including interviews with perpetrators and victims of this violence, the book argues that the hoods' risky offending may amount to a game in which hoods gain prestige by displaying hard-to-fake signals of toughness to each other. Violent physical punishment feeds into this signaling game, increasing the hoods' status by proving that they have committed serious offenses and can "manfully" take punishment yet remained undeterred. A rare combination of frontline research and pioneering ideas, The Hoods has important implications for our fundamental understanding of crime and punishment.

Paramilitary forces --- Punishment --- Juvenile delinquents --- Criminals --- Crime --- Penalties (Criminal law) --- Penology --- Corrections --- Impunity --- Retribution --- Delinquents --- Delinquents, Juvenile --- Juvenile offenders --- Offenders, Juvenile --- Offenders, Youthful --- Young offenders --- Youthful offenders --- Youth --- Crime and criminals --- Offenders --- Persons --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Criminology --- City crime --- Crimes --- Delinquency --- Felonies --- Misdemeanors --- Urban crime --- Social problems --- Criminal law --- Transgression (Ethics) --- Forces, Paramilitary --- Paramilitaries --- Armed Forces --- Military art and science --- Social aspects --- Belfast. --- Catholic paramilitaries. --- Catholics. --- IRA. --- Irish Republican Army. --- Loyalist paramilitaries. --- Loyalists. --- Northern Ireland. --- PPAs. --- Protestant paramilitaries. --- Protestants. --- Republicans. --- adult males. --- antisocial behavior. --- antisocial behaviors. --- antisocial behaviour. --- civil conflict. --- community recognition. --- conflict. --- crime. --- criminal deterrence. --- delinquency. --- deterrence. --- extralegal governance. --- group acceptance. --- hoods' subculture. --- hoods. --- joyriding. --- juvenile delinquency. --- offense patterns. --- ordinary crime. --- paramilitary groups. --- paramilitary punishment attacks. --- petty offenders. --- police. --- policing. --- political conflict. --- politics. --- prestige. --- punishment. --- relationships. --- research data. --- research methods. --- self-destructive behaviors. --- signaling game. --- status. --- statutory criminal justice system. --- subculture. --- toughness. --- violence. --- working-class Catholics. --- working-class culture. --- Militias (Paramilitary forces) --- Private militias