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This special issue of JCM ‘The Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis’ will walk the Readers across novel diagnostic achievements in atherosclerosis and contemporary actions towards optimizing therapy.Everything begins with diagnosis. Accurate diagnostic tools and tests are of utmost importance. Contemporary research on microparticles, non-coding RNAs, proteomic characterization, …, offers detailed molecular characteristics of athero-thrombosis.Prevention is equally important as treatment. The impact of eating habits in prophylaxis of many pathologies, including cardiovascular disease has been documented.Then new pharmacological agents. Managing hypercholesterolemia with PCSK9 inhibitors, shown great potential in efficient lipid lowering to achieve LDL-C treatment goals, as well as reduction in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.However, therapeutic goals accomplishment requires supervision. Arising number of data support that cardiovascular risk prediction can be improved with imaging modalities displaying atheroma: carotid plaque ultrasonography, coronary calcium score, intravascular ultrasonography, and optical coherent tomography or many others.As atherosclerosis is a progressive disease, it comes the time for more radical management, including endovascular and surgical intervention. There is field for new stent and equipment technologies, new surgical and endovascular techniques, supervision of endovascular procedures with IVUS, OCT, functional flow assessment or cell therapy.From diagnosis to risk stratification, elaborated prevention models, finally to modern and optimized therapeutic intervention.

familial hypercholesterolemia --- genetic screening --- atherosclerosis prevention --- early detection --- atherosclerosis --- cigarette smoking --- miR-27b --- peripheral artery disease --- subclinical atherosclerosis --- SCORE --- Framingham --- QRISK --- PROCAM --- cardiovascular risk --- pulse wave velocity --- intima media thickness --- malondialdehyde low-density lipoprotein --- high-risk plaque --- coronary computed tomography angiography --- statin --- cardiovascular risk factors --- heart failure --- major cardiac and cerebral ischemic events --- degenerative aortic stenosis --- risk stratification --- vascular resistance --- cardiovascular disease --- acute myocardial infarction --- intravascular imaging --- statins --- control-theoretic model --- logistic growth --- coronary artery disease --- fibrin clot --- fibrinolysis --- thromboembolism --- carotid intima-media complex --- carotid plaque --- major adverse cardiac and cerebral events --- prevention --- scores --- vitamin D --- myocardial infarction --- males --- Coronary Artery Surgery Study Score --- n/a

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The book “Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1”, includes a selection of original research papers and reviews aimed at understanding the dual role (protective and detrimental) of HO-1 and the involved signaling pathways. Original research papers and reviews aimed at the identification of natural molecules or new synthetic compounds able to modulate HO-1 activity/expression help make HO-1 a potential therapeutic target for the amelioration of various diseases.

coronary artery disease --- n/a --- glucocorticoid receptor --- antigen presentation --- analgesia --- chemotherapy --- locus coeruleus --- Sirtuin 1 --- thiol groups --- Heme Oxygenase-1 --- Betula etnensis Raf. --- heme oxygenase 1 --- tolerance --- heme oxygenase --- atherosclerosis --- nitric oxide --- caloric restriction --- liver --- carbon monoxide --- ER stress --- heme oxygenase-1 --- mineralocorticoid receptor --- Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) --- Gamma-Glutamyl-Cysteine Ligase (GGCL) --- angiotensin II --- bilirubin --- Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inducers --- Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) --- HO-1 activity inhibitor --- ferroptosis --- Myristica fragrans kernels --- glutathione --- high-pressure gas --- apoptosis --- HO-1 --- diabetes mellitus --- Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) --- carotid plaque --- ischemia–reperfusion injury --- ANTIGEN presenting cell --- LPS --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- hemoglobin --- Pancreatic oxidative damage --- Colon cancer --- inflammation --- reactive oxygen species --- inflammatory pain --- paracetamol --- cardiomyopathy --- heme oxigenase-1 --- adipocytes --- sirtuin 1 --- peripheral artery disease --- PGC-1? --- heme --- Reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- metformin --- GR --- prostate cancer --- NF-?B --- hyperbilirubinemia --- iron --- Tet-ON system --- lung preservation --- oxidative stress --- Gunn rats --- Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (DDAH-1) --- ischemia-reperfusion injury

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Dear colleagues, This Special Issue, “Endothelial Dysfunction: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches”, focuses on the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction, new biomarkers for endothelial dysfunction related to cardiovascular disorders or tumors, and novel therapeutic approaches for endothelial dysfunctions. Vascular endothelium is an active tissue and plays a crucial role in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Chronic exposure to risk factors, such as hypertension, high cholesterolemia, or oxidative stress, induces endothelial dysfunctions and results in a loss of endothelial integrity, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and macrophage recruitment. The pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction (ED) is complex and multi-factorial factors are involved, such as oxidative stress or chronic inflammation. The primary prevention of cardiovascular risk factors and endothelial dysfunctions, as well as the early detection of or molecular imaging techniques for endothelial dysfunction, helps to prevent the development of cardiovascular disorders. Novel therapeutic approaches or drug delivery systems for endothelial dysfunctions have had promising beneficial effects in preclinical or clinical levels by affecting the progression of atherosclerotic changes, tumor angiogenesis, and host–immune reactions near tumor environments.

endothelial cells --- oxidative stress --- inflammageing --- endothelial dysfunction --- aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 --- cardiovascular disease --- neurovascular disease --- vascular inflammation --- APE1/Ref-1 --- cardiovascular diseases --- subcellular localization --- serological biomarkers --- atherosclerosis --- aerobic exercise --- PCSK9 --- LOX-1 --- insulin resistance --- macrophage polarity --- serum γ-glutamyltransferase --- essential hypertension --- cardiovascular risk factors --- angiogenesis --- nargenicin A1 --- compound 9 --- VEGF --- VEGFR2 --- HIF-1α --- electronegative low-density lipoprotein --- LDL(–) --- L5 LDL --- oxidized LDL --- oxLDL --- ADMA --- arginine --- arginine paradox --- BH4 --- blood pressure --- COVID-19 --- dietary supplements --- endothelium --- eNOS uncoupling --- heart failure --- hypertension --- L-arginine --- myocardial infarction --- NADPH --- nitric oxide --- peripheral artery disease --- ApoE knockout mouse --- atorvastatin --- VCAM-1 --- galectin-3 --- neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio --- electronegative LDL --- LDL(−) --- lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 --- dyslipidemia --- chronic venous insufficiency --- prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) --- inflammation --- endothelial disfunction --- lung disease --- endothelial to mesenchymal transition --- pulmonary hypertension --- pulmonary fibrosis --- metformin --- diabetes --- CV risk --- hyperglycemia --- glycated lipoproteins --- glycated LDL --- glycated HDL --- endothelial cell dysfunction --- molecular mechanisms --- epigenetic factors --- therapeutic approaches --- vasoactive factors --- EndoMT --- TGF-β --- epigenetics --- endothelial cell --- glycolysis --- metabolism --- pathological angiogenesis --- tumor microenvironment --- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) --- high-fat diets --- plaque burden --- low-level laser therapy --- phototherapy --- vascular disease --- healing --- ischemia --- vascular calcification --- chronic kidney disease --- CKD --- uremic toxins --- hyperphosphatemia --- vascular smooth muscle cells --- VSMCs --- macrophages --- n/a --- LDL(-)