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This thematic issue presents 11 scientific articles that are extremely useful for understanding the processes and phenomena of the interacting geospheres of the Earth. These processes have an important impact on the biosphere and many human activities. The results of scientific research presented in this book are fully united by the common theme "investigation of the fundamental foundations of the emergence, development, transformation, and interaction of hydroacoustic, hydrophysical and geophysical fields in the World Ocean." The book is recommended to a wide range of readers, as well as to specialists in the field of hydroacoustics, oceanology, and geophysics.

gravitational waves --- pressure variations --- period variation --- laser meter of hydrosphere pressure variations --- infragravity waves --- gravity wind waves --- laser strainmeter --- typhoon --- mesoscale eddy --- parabolic equation --- normal mode --- mesoscale vortex --- acoustic propagation --- AIPOcean --- OW method --- COMSOL software --- sea surface --- wave spectra --- satellite imagery processing --- aerospace monitoring --- sea waves --- retrieving operator --- Scholte wave --- theoretical dispersion curve --- stiffness matrices --- layered media --- wind waves --- progressive waves --- standing waves --- primary microseisms --- secondary microseisms --- wave dynamics --- wave transformation --- swell --- tides --- seiches --- remote probing --- space monitoring --- nonlinearity --- modulation --- oceanic front --- ray theory --- horizontal refraction --- coastal video monitoring --- streaming video --- image and video processing --- real-time mode --- subpixel resolution --- underwater currents --- microseisms --- coastal water areas --- red tide --- harmful algal bloom --- sea surface height --- sea surface temperature --- chlorophyll-a --- biogenic slicks --- river runoff --- Kamchatka --- earthquake --- tsunami --- deformation jump --- sine-Gordon equation --- kink --- anti-kink --- underwater landslide --- n/a

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Energy storage currently plays an important role in the electricity systems. Innovative energy storage solutions will play an important role in ensuring the integration of renewable energy sources into the electrical grids in the European Union. Pumped storage hydropower systems are the most mature technology of energy storage and account for over 90% of installed energy storage capacity worldwide. However, PSH technology is constrained by topography and land availability in flat areas. In addition, PSH plants are controversial due to their impacts on landscape, land use and the environment. Conversely, underground energy storage systems may be an interesting alternative to increase the energy storage capacity with low environmental impacts. To help address and resolve these types of questions, this book is comprised of eleven chapters that explore new ways of energy storage reducing the environmental impacts caused by the installation of conventional energy storage systems, as well as to increase the energy storage capacity and promote the use of disused underground space, such as abandoned mines and quarries. The chapters included in this book cover a wide spectrum of issues related to underground energy storage systems. Advances in underground pumped storage hydropower, compressed air energy storage and hydrogen energy storage systems are presented. Finally, we would like to thank both the MDPI publishing and editorial staff for their excellent work and support, as well as the authors who collaborated with your interesting research works.

energy storage --- underground pumped storage --- economic feasibility --- ancillary services --- day-ahead market --- underground space --- mining structures --- underground reservoir --- empirical analysis --- numerical modelling --- hydropower plants --- hydrogen --- underground storage --- leakage --- monitoring --- protocol --- helium --- aquifer --- renewable energy --- hydropower --- mine --- groundwater --- environmental impacts --- efficiency --- wind energy --- photovoltaics --- wind curtailment --- mesoscale atmospheric model --- hydro-pumped storage --- abandoned mines --- underground reservoirs --- CAES --- analytical modelling --- sealing layer --- environmental impact --- hydrogen storage --- sealing liners --- Liner Rock Caverns --- epoxy resin --- hydrogen permeability --- exergy --- salt caverns --- pumped storage hydropower --- energy storage system --- quarry --- open pit --- hydrochemistry --- n/a

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Although air pollution is usually linked with human activities, natural processes may also lead to major concentrations of hazardous substances in the low atmosphere. Pollutant levels may be reduced when emissions can be controlled. However, the impact of meteorological variables on the concentrations measured may be noticeable, and these variables cannot be controlled. This book is devoted to the influence of meteorological processes on the pollutant concentrations recorded in the low atmosphere. Measurements, cycles, statistical procedures, as well as specific variables such as the synoptic pattern, temperature inversion, or the calculation of back-trajectories, are considered in the studies included in this book to highlight the relationship between air pollution and meteorological variables. In addition, the state of the art of this subject following meteorological scales, from micro to macro-scale, is presented. Consequently, this book focuses on applied science and seeks to further current knowledge of what contribution meteorological processes make to the concentrations measured in order to achieve greater control over air pollution.

air pollution --- synoptic situation pattern --- meteorological variables --- threshold values --- air quality forecast --- modelling --- pollution episodes --- national holiday --- COVID-19 --- particulate matter --- natural ventilation --- indoor air quality --- regional variation --- nitrogen dioxide --- in situ urban concentrations --- meteorological measurements --- NO2 variation --- partial correlation --- gross alpha activity --- northern Iberian Peninsula --- radon --- airflow patterns --- surface winds --- atmospheric boundary layer --- weather types --- Gaussian plume model --- low-level jet --- recirculation --- microscale --- macroscale --- mesoscale --- source apportionment --- cluster analysis --- health risks --- residential wood burning --- sustainable urban development --- urban haze --- temperature inversion --- Obukhov length --- HYSPLIT --- biomass burning --- cold surge, emission --- BaP --- HPLC --- carcinogenic --- diagnostic ratio

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This Special Issue “Atmospheric Conditions for Wind Energy Applications” hosts papers on aspects of remote sensing for atmospheric conditions for wind energy applications. Wind lidar technology is presented from a theoretical view on the coherent focused Doppler lidar principles. Furthermore, wind lidar for applied use for wind turbine control, wind farm wake, and gust characterizations is presented, as well as methods to reduce uncertainty when using lidar in complex terrain. Wind lidar observations are used to validate numerical model results. Wind Doppler lidar mounted on aircraft used for observing winds in hurricane conditions and Doppler radar on the ground used for very short-term wind forecasting are presented. For the offshore environment, floating lidar data processing is presented as well as an experiment with wind-profiling lidar on a ferry for model validation. Assessments of wind resources in the coastal zone using wind-profiling lidar and global wind maps using satellite data are presented..

complex flow --- Floating Lidar System (FLS) --- mesoscale --- wind energy resources --- variational analysis --- wind turbine --- wind sensing --- wind energy --- wind gusts --- wake --- wind structure --- complex terrain --- global ocean --- remote sensing forecasting --- detached eddy simulation --- five-minute ahead wind power forecasting --- tropical cyclones --- fetch effect --- aerosol --- vertical Light Detection and Ranging --- range gate length --- resource assessment --- field experiments --- remote sensing --- optical flow --- turbulence --- atmospheric boundary layer --- Doppler Wind Lidar --- offshore --- empirical equation --- Lidar --- WindSAT --- coastal wind measurement --- offshore wind speed forecasting --- Doppler wind lidar --- Doppler --- wind --- wind lidar --- cross-correlation --- QuikSCAT --- wind resource assessment --- detecting and tracking --- single-particle --- gust prediction --- NWP model --- velocity-azimuth-display algorithm --- lidar-assisted control (LAC) --- Doppler lidar --- motion estimation --- power performance testing --- lidar --- large-eddy simulations --- wind farm --- coherent Doppler lidar --- wake modeling --- probabilistic forecasting --- control --- NeoWins --- wind turbine controls --- impact prediction --- wind turbine wake --- Hazaki Oceanographical Research Station --- VAD --- virtual lidar --- Doppler radar --- IEA Wind Task 32 --- ASCAT --- wind atlas --- turbulence intensity

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This book illustrates the exciting possibilities being opened up by X-ray computed tomography (CT) to follow the behavior of materials under conditions as close as possible to those encountered during their manufacture or in operation.The scientific chapters selected for this book describe results obtained using synchrotron or laboratory devices during in situ or ex situ experiments. They characterize microstructures across length scales ranging from tens of nanometers to a few tens of micrometers.In this collection, X-ray CT shines a light on the mechanical properties of engineering materials, such as aluminum or magnesium alloys, stainless steel, aluminum, polymer composites, or ceramic foam. In these experiments, X-ray CT is able to image and quantify the damage occurring during tensile, compression, indentation, or fatigue tests.Of course, X-ray CT can illuminate the structure and behavior of natural materials too. Here it is applied to bone or natural snow to study their mechanical behavior, as well as materials from the agri-food sector. Its versatility is exemplified by analyses of topics as diverse as the removal of olive oil from kitchen sponges by squeezing and rinsing, to the effect of temperature changes on the structure of ice cream.

in-situ X-ray computed tomography --- thermal-mechanical loading --- polymer bonded explosives --- mesoscale characterization --- structure evolution --- particle morphology --- heat treatment --- aluminum cast alloy --- mechanical properties --- Ostwald ripening --- nanotomography --- phase-contrast imaging --- tomographic reconstruction --- dynamic tomography --- motion compensation --- projection-based digital volume correlation --- X-ray μCT --- in-situ experiments --- flow cell --- alkaline manganese batteries --- X-ray tomography --- in operando --- in situ --- zinc powder --- laser powder bed fusion --- additive manufacturing --- in-situ imaging --- Ti6Al4V --- lattice structures --- mechanics --- corrosion --- biomaterial --- battery --- aluminum foams --- intermetallics --- finite element analysis --- damage --- polycrystal plasticity --- X-ray diffraction imaging --- topotomography --- in situ experiment --- finite element simulation --- lattice curvature --- rocking curve --- ice cream --- microstructure --- tomography --- ice crystals --- coarsening --- soft solids --- bone --- X-ray radiation --- tissue damage --- SR-microCT --- digital volume correlation --- temperature control --- electrochemical cell design --- batteries --- helical CT --- contrast agent --- high cycle fatigue (HCF) --- fibre break --- fibre tows --- Freeze Foaming --- in situ computed tomography --- non-destructive testing --- bioceramics --- aging --- crack initiation and propagation --- damage modes --- osteoporosis --- osteogenesis imperfecta --- porosity --- bone matrix quality --- micro-CT --- snow grains --- snow microstructure --- snow properties --- pore morphology --- voids --- fiber-reinforced concrete --- CT scan technology --- DIP software --- X-ray tomography (X-ray CT) --- 3D image analysis --- hydrogen embrittlement --- stainless steel