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The scientific evidence contained in the three volumes of the 6th IPCC report (AR6), published between August 2021 and April 2022, are another reminder of the urgent need to respect the 2015 Paris Agreement. 195 countries agreed to the goal of limiting long-term global temperature increase to “well below 2°C” compared to pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C by massively reducing their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs).Water and climate questions are usually addressed from the perspective of adaptation to climate change. For urban water services the mitigation aspect has been less studied up till now. These considerations fit into the broader context of the interdependence of energy and water (Water-Energy Nexus). This report approaches the question from the angle of energy use in the water sector rather than the better-known water requirements for the energy sector. Reducing GHG emissions in urban water management requires reducing both fossil energy requirements and direct emissions of nitrous oxide and methane. Finally, it must be said that the need to reduce the GHG emissions of water and sanitation services goes with the growing demand for water. It should increase by 50% between now and 2030 worldwide due to the combined effects of population growth, economic development, and the shift in consumer patterns.This synthetic report aims to provide an overview of possible levers to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of water and sanitation services and provides an analysis of how adaptation measures can embrace this low-carbon approach.

Environmental science, engineering & technology --- SCIENCE / Environmental Science

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Although there is considerable historical literature describing the social and economic impact of drought on the prairies in the 1930s, little has been written about the challenges presented by drought in more contemporary times. The drought of 2001-02 was, for example, the most recent large-area, intense, and prolonged drought in Canada and one of Canada's most costly natural disasters in a century. Vulnerability and Adaptation to Drought describes the impacts of droughts and the adaptations made in prairie agriculture over recent decades. These adaptations have enhanced the capacity of rural communities to withstand drought. However, despite the high levels of technical adaptation that have occurred, and the existing human capital and vibrant social and information networks, agricultural producers in the prairie region remain vulnerable to severe droughts that last more than a couple of years. Research findings and projections suggest that droughts could become more frequent, more severe, and of longer duration in the region over the course of the 21st century. This book provides insights into the conditions generating these challenges and the measures required to reduce vulnerability of prairie communities to them. Developing greater understanding of the social forces and conditions that have contributed to enhanced resilience, as well as those which detract from successful adaptation, is a principal theme of the book. To that end, the book examines drought through an interdisciplinary lens encompassing climate science and the social sciences. Two of the chapters are based on the drought experiences of other countries in order to provide a comparative assessment.

Environmental Science --- Social Science

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This book includes the papers presented in International Conference on Advanced Science and Engineering 2019 (ICOASE2019), which held in Duhok, Kurdistan Region-Iraq, on April 2-4, 2019. The conference is organized by both the University of Zakho and Duhok Polytechnic University. The conference, and consequently these proceedings, aimed to give more concrete expression to the natural sciences and engineering applications with a new multilateral scientific forum that emphasizes the vulnerability and proactive remediation from an Earth and Environmental point of view. This book covers a wide range of questions and gives advanced themes on current research focusing on emerging environmental issues and challenges in chemistry, biology, physics, and related areas in geoscience with their applications.

Engineering --- Science --- Environmental sciences. --- Environmental Science and Engineering. --- Environmental science

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This book describes the development and validation of the Assessment-Tool NovaDemo based on relevant theories as well as qualitative pre-studies. This Assessment-Tool is a novel multi methodological Instrument for the diagnosis of the innovative ability of age-heterogeneous work groups.

Environmental sciences. --- Environmental science --- Science

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Environmental sciences. --- Environmental science --- Science