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One philosophical approach to causation sees counterfactual dependence as the key to the explanation of causal facts: for example, events c (the cause) and e (the effect) both occur, but had c not occurred, e would not have occurred either. The counterfactual analysis of causation became a focus of philosophical debate after the 1973 publication of the late David Lewis's groundbreaking paper, "Causation," which argues against the previously accepted "regularity" analysis and in favor of what he called the "promising alternative" of the counterfactual analysis. Thirty years after Lewis's paper, this book brings together some of the most important recent work connecting--or, in some cases, disputing the connection between--counterfactuals and causation, including the complete version of Lewis's Whitehead lectures, "Causation as Influence," a major reworking of his original paper. Also included is a more recent essay by Lewis, "Void and Object," on causation by omission. Several of the essays first appeared in a special issue of the Journal of Philosophy, but most, including the unabridged version of "Causation as Influence," are published for the first time or in updated forms. Other topics considered include the "trumping" of one event over another in determining causation; de facto dependence; challenges to the transitivity of causation; the possibility that entities other than events are the fundamental causal relata; the distinction between dependence and production in accounts of causation; the distinction between causation and causal explanation; the context-dependence of causation; probabilistic analyses of causation; and a singularist theory of causation.

Causation. --- Counterfactuals (Logic) --- Causality. --- Causation --- Enabling Factors --- Multifactorial Causality --- Multiple Causation --- Predisposing Factors --- Reinforcing Factors --- Causalities --- Causalities, Multifactorial --- Causality, Multifactorial --- Causation, Multiple --- Causations --- Causations, Multiple --- Enabling Factor --- Factor, Enabling --- Factor, Predisposing --- Factor, Reinforcing --- Factors, Enabling --- Factors, Predisposing --- Factors, Reinforcing --- Multifactorial Causalities --- Multiple Causations --- Predisposing Factor --- Reinforcing Factor --- Contrary-to-fact conditional --- Counterfactual conditionals --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Conditionals (Logic) --- Logic --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- PHILOSOPHY/General

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Causation --- Causation. --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Statistics as Topic --- Causality. --- Statistics as Topic. --- Area Analysis --- Estimation Technics --- Estimation Techniques --- Indirect Estimation Technics --- Indirect Estimation Techniques --- Multiple Classification Analysis --- Service Statistics --- Statistical Study --- Statistics, Service --- Tables and Charts as Topic --- Analyses, Area --- Analyses, Multiple Classification --- Area Analyses --- Classification Analyses, Multiple --- Classification Analysis, Multiple --- Estimation Technic, Indirect --- Estimation Technics, Indirect --- Estimation Technique --- Estimation Technique, Indirect --- Estimation Techniques, Indirect --- Indirect Estimation Technic --- Indirect Estimation Technique --- Multiple Classification Analyses --- Statistical Studies --- Studies, Statistical --- Study, Statistical --- Technic, Indirect Estimation --- Technics, Estimation --- Technics, Indirect Estimation --- Technique, Estimation --- Technique, Indirect Estimation --- Techniques, Estimation --- Techniques, Indirect Estimation --- Enabling Factors --- Multifactorial Causality --- Multiple Causation --- Predisposing Factors --- Reinforcing Factors --- Causalities --- Causalities, Multifactorial --- Causality, Multifactorial --- Causation, Multiple --- Causations --- Causations, Multiple --- Enabling Factor --- Factor, Enabling --- Factor, Predisposing --- Factor, Reinforcing --- Factors, Enabling --- Factors, Predisposing --- Factors, Reinforcing --- Multifactorial Causalities --- Multiple Causations --- Predisposing Factor --- Reinforcing Factor --- Mediation Analysis --- research design --- causal model --- target parameter specification --- identifiability --- statistical estimation --- sensitivity analysis

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Cognitive psychology --- Theory of knowledge --- Causation --- Symmetry --- Time perception --- Causalité --- Symétrie --- Perception du temps --- Psychological aspects --- Aspect psychologique --- -Time perception --- Chronometry, Mental --- Duration, Intuition of --- Intuition of duration --- Mental chronometry --- Time --- Time, Cognition of --- Time estimation --- Orientation (Psychology) --- Perception --- Aesthetics --- Proportion --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Time perception. --- Causation. --- Form Perception --- Time Perception --- Cognition --- Memory --- Epidemiologic Factors --- Mental Processes --- Learning --- Space Perception --- Quality of Health Care --- Visual Perception --- Public Health --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Environment and Public Health --- Health Care --- Psychology --- Social Sciences --- Psychological aspects. --- Causalité --- Symétrie --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Psychologic Processes and Principles --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Public --- Perception, Visual --- Perceptions, Visual --- Visual Perceptions --- Quality of Care --- Quality of Healthcare --- Care Qualities --- Care Quality --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Memory Training --- Phenomenography --- Training, Memory --- Human Information Processing --- Information Processing, Human --- Determinant, Epidemiologic --- Determinants, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiologic Determinant --- Epidemiologic Factor --- Factor, Epidemiologic --- Factors, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiologic Determinants --- Perceptions --- Cognitive Function --- Cognitions --- Cognitive Functions --- Function, Cognitive --- Functions, Cognitive --- Perception, Time --- Perceptions, Time --- Time Perceptions --- Contour Perception --- Contour Perceptions --- Form Perceptions --- Perception, Contour --- Perception, Form --- Perceptions, Contour --- Perceptions, Form --- Enabling Factors --- Multifactorial Causality --- Multiple Causation --- Predisposing Factors --- Reinforcing Factors --- Causalities --- Causalities, Multifactorial --- Causality, Multifactorial --- Causation, Multiple --- Causations --- Causations, Multiple --- Enabling Factor --- Factor, Enabling --- Factor, Predisposing --- Factor, Reinforcing --- Factors, Enabling --- Factors, Predisposing --- Factors, Reinforcing --- Multifactorial Causalities --- Multiple Causations --- Predisposing Factor --- Reinforcing Factor --- Perception, Space --- Perceptions, Space --- Space Perceptions --- Psychologic Processes --- Psychological Processes --- Phenomena, Psychological --- Processes, Psychologic --- Processes, Psychological --- Psychological Phenomenas --- Psychological Processe --- Community Health --- Health, Community --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Vision, Ocular --- Pharmacy Audit --- Audit, Pharmacy --- Pharmacy Audits --- Memory Consolidation --- Education --- Sensation --- Executive Function --- Contrast Sensitivity --- Spatial Learning --- Visual Processing --- Processing, Visual --- Sensory Processing --- Processing, Sensory --- Temporal Perception --- Temporal Processing --- Time Processing --- Perception, Temporal --- Processing, Temporal --- Processing, Time --- Mediation Analysis --- Psychological Phenomena --- Psychiatry --- Symmetry. --- Causality. --- Form Perception. --- Time Perception. --- Cognition. --- Memory. --- Perception. --- Epidemiologic Factors. --- Mental Processes. --- Learning. --- Space Perception. --- Quality of Health Care. --- Visual Perception. --- Public Health. --- Psychological Phenomena. --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation. --- Psychiatry. --- Environment and Public Health. --- Delivery of Health Care.

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The Industry 4.0 paradigm has led to the creation of new opportunities for taking advantage of a set of diverse technologies in the manufacturing domain. This book touches on a series of advanced technologies and research fields, including Internet of Things, Augmented and Virtual Reality, Machine Learning, Advanced Robotics, Additive Manufacturing, System and Process Simulation, Computer-Aided Design/Engineering/Manufacturing/Process Planning Systems as well as Product Lifecycle Management Platforms. The topics covered span a series of diverse areas related to a) product design and development, b) manufacturing systems and operations, c) process engineering, and d) Industry 4.0 technologies review and realization.

computer-aided tolerance --- processing features degradation --- skin model shape --- statistical tolerance analysis --- tolerance allocation --- collaborative learning --- engineering graphics --- PLM --- 3D modeling --- engineering education --- Industry 4.0 --- index --- smart --- intensity of technology --- manufacturing --- implementation --- statistical process control --- pattern recognition --- long short-term memory --- feature learning --- control chart --- histogram --- digital hydraulic technology --- digital hydraulic components --- digital hydraulic system --- shearer --- virtual reality --- path planning --- automatic height-adjusting --- Unity3D technology --- Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT) --- manipulator --- motion planning --- obstacle avoidance --- complex environment --- exoskeletons --- planning methods --- ergonomics --- time management --- augmented reality --- maintenance --- real-time --- digital twin --- decision support system --- factor analysis --- KPI --- quantitative analysis --- root-cause analysis --- life cycle --- knowledge- and technology-intensive industry (KTI) --- VUCA --- key enabling technology (KET) --- Operator 4.0 --- cyber-physical system (CPS) --- DfHFinI4.0 --- PERA 4.0 --- process planning --- scheduling --- design for additive manufacturing --- multiple criteria --- SMEs --- technologies --- cluster analysis --- maturity model --- n/a

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Musculoskeletal System --- Occupational Diseases --- Occupational Health --- Risk Factors --- Human Engineering --- Cumulative Trauma Disorders --- Overuse injuries --- Human engineering --- Musculoskeletal system --- Occupational therapy services --- injuries --- prevention and control --- methods --- therapy --- Wounds and injuries --- Treatment --- Spierstelsel --- Skelet --- Diagnose --- Interventie --- Artritis --- Ergonomie --- Biomechanica --- Sprains and Strains --- Diseases --- Risk --- Investigative Techniques --- Causality --- Psychology, Applied --- Engineering --- Health --- Anatomy --- Probability --- Technology, Industry, and Agriculture --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Population Characteristics --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Epidemiologic Factors --- Wounds and Injuries --- Statistics as Topic --- Quality of Health Care --- Technology, Industry, Agriculture --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Health Care --- Public Health --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Environment and Public Health --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Methods --- Surgery & Anesthesiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Wounds & Injuries --- Probabilities --- Anatomies --- Engineerings --- Applied Psychology --- Applied Psychologies --- Psychologies, Applied --- Causation --- Enabling Factors --- Multifactorial Causality --- Multiple Causation --- Predisposing Factors --- Reinforcing Factors --- Causalities --- Causalities, Multifactorial --- Causality, Multifactorial --- Causation, Multiple --- Causations --- Causations, Multiple --- Enabling Factor --- Factor, Enabling --- Factor, Predisposing --- Factor, Reinforcing --- Factors, Enabling --- Factors, Predisposing --- Factors, Reinforcing --- Multifactorial Causalities --- Multiple Causations --- Predisposing Factor --- Reinforcing Factor --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Relative Risk --- Relative Risks --- Risk, Relative --- Risks --- Risks, Relative --- Risk Reduction Behavior --- Harm Reduction --- Sprains --- Strains --- Sprain --- Strain --- Strains and Sprains --- Medical care --- Occupational therapy --- Locomotor system --- Musculo-skeletal system --- Skeletomuscular system --- Ergonomics --- Human factors in engineering design --- Bioengineering --- Environmental engineering --- Industrial engineering --- Human comfort --- Human-robot interaction --- CTD (Injuries) --- Cumulative trauma disorders --- Over-use syndrome --- Overuse syndrome --- Overuse syndromes --- Repeated motion disorders --- Repetition injuries --- Repetition strain injuries --- Repetition strain injury --- Repetitive microtrauma --- Repetitive motion injuries --- Repetitive strain injuries --- RSI (Injuries) --- Wear-and-tear injuries --- WMSD (Work-related musculoskeletal disorders) --- Work-related musculoskeletal disorders --- Health, Industrial --- Hygiene, Industrial --- Safety, Occupational --- Employee Health --- Industrial Health --- Industrial Hygiene --- Occupational Safety --- Health, Employee --- Health, Occupational --- Cognitive Ergonomics --- Ergonomic Assessment --- Human Factors Engineering --- Human Factors and Ergonomics --- Organizational Ergonomics --- Physical Ergonomics --- Psychology, Engineering --- Visual Ergonomics --- Engineering Psychology --- Cognitive Ergonomic --- Ergonomic --- Ergonomic Assessments --- Ergonomic, Cognitive --- Ergonomic, Organizational --- Ergonomic, Physical --- Ergonomic, Visual --- Ergonomics, Cognitive --- Ergonomics, Organizational --- Ergonomics, Physical --- Ergonomics, Visual --- Human Factors Engineerings --- Organizational Ergonomic --- Physical Ergonomic --- Visual Ergonomic --- Psychology, Industrial --- Diseases, Occupational --- Occupational Illnesses --- Disease, Occupational --- Illnesse, Occupational --- Illnesses, Occupational --- Occupational Disease --- Occupational Illnesse --- Accidents, Occupational --- Industry --- Occupational Medicine --- Karoshi Death --- Musculoskeletal Systems --- System, Musculoskeletal --- Systems, Musculoskeletal --- Musculoskeletal Development --- Injury, Repetition Strain --- Overuse Injury --- Repetitive Motion Disorders --- Repetitive Strain Injury --- Repetitive Stress Injury --- Strain Injury, Repetition --- Overuse Syndrome --- Repetition Strain Injury --- Trauma Disorders, Cumulative --- Cumulative Trauma Disorder --- Disorder, Cumulative Trauma --- Disorder, Repetitive Motion --- Disorders, Cumulative Trauma --- Disorders, Repetitive Motion --- Injuries, Overuse --- Injuries, Repetition Strain --- Injuries, Repetitive Strain --- Injuries, Repetitive Stress --- Injury, Overuse --- Injury, Repetitive Strain --- Injury, Repetitive Stress --- Motion Disorder, Repetitive --- Motion Disorders, Repetitive --- Overuse Injuries --- Overuse Syndromes --- Repetition Strain Injuries --- Repetitive Motion Disorder --- Repetitive Strain Injuries --- Repetitive Stress Injuries --- Strain Injuries, Repetition --- Strain Injuries, Repetitive --- Strain Injury, Repetitive --- Stress Injuries, Repetitive --- Stress Injury, Repetitive --- Trauma Disorder, Cumulative --- Microtrauma, Physical --- Methodological Studies --- Methodological Study --- Procedures --- Studies, Methodological --- Study, Methodological --- Method --- Procedure --- Population at Risk --- Populations at Risk --- Factor, Risk --- Factors, Risk --- Risk Factor --- Risk, Population at --- Risk, Populations at --- Organs at Risk --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanisms --- Evaluation Mechanism, Healthcare --- Evaluation Mechanisms, Healthcare --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanism --- Mechanism, Healthcare Evaluation --- Mechanisms, Healthcare Evaluation --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Epidemiologic Method --- Epidemiological Methods --- Methods, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiological Method --- Method, Epidemiologic --- Method, Epidemiological --- Methods, Epidemiological --- Epidemiology --- Community Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Community --- Health, Public --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Pharmacy Audit --- Quality of Care --- Quality of Healthcare --- Audit, Pharmacy --- Care Quality --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Pharmacy Audits --- Area Analysis --- Estimation Technics --- Estimation Techniques --- Indirect Estimation Technics --- Indirect Estimation Techniques --- Multiple Classification Analysis --- Service Statistics --- Statistical Study --- Statistics, Service --- Tables and Charts as Topic --- Analyses, Area --- Analyses, Multiple Classification --- Area Analyses --- Classification Analyses, Multiple --- Classification Analysis, Multiple --- Estimation Technic, Indirect --- Estimation Technics, Indirect --- Estimation Technique --- Estimation Technique, Indirect --- Estimation Techniques, Indirect --- Indirect Estimation Technic --- Indirect Estimation Technique --- Multiple Classification Analyses --- Statistical Studies --- Studies, Statistical --- Study, Statistical --- Technic, Indirect Estimation --- Technics, Estimation --- Technics, Indirect Estimation --- Technique, Estimation --- Technique, Indirect Estimation --- Techniques, Estimation --- Techniques, Indirect Estimation --- Injuries and Wounds --- Injuries, Wounds --- Research-Related Injuries --- Wounds --- Wounds and Injury --- Wounds, Injury --- Injuries --- Trauma --- Injuries, Research-Related --- Injury --- Injury and Wounds --- Injury, Research-Related --- Research Related Injuries --- Research-Related Injury --- Traumas --- Wound --- First Aid --- Traumatology --- Determinant, Epidemiologic --- Determinants, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiologic Determinant --- Epidemiologic Factor --- Factor, Epidemiologic --- Factors, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiologic Determinants --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- Mediation Analysis --- Incidence --- Health Correlates --- Risk Factor Scores --- Risk Scores --- Correlates, Health --- Risk Factor Score --- Risk Score --- Score, Risk --- Score, Risk Factor --- Occupational Health. --- Risk Factors. --- therapy. --- methods. --- injuries. --- prevention & control. --- Social Risk Factors --- Factor, Social Risk --- Factors, Social Risk --- Risk Factor, Social --- Risk Factors, Social --- Social Risk Factor --- Musculoskeletal System - injuries --- Occupational Diseases - prevention and control --- Human Engineering - methods --- Cumulative Trauma Disorders - therapy --- Musculoskeletal system - Wounds and injuries - Treatment --- Diagnostiek