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Theneurotransmitter dopamine has just celebrated its 50thbirthday. The discovery of dopamine as a neuronal entity in the late 1950s and the notion that it serves in neurotransmission has been a milestone in the field of neuroscience research. This milestone marked the beginning of an era that explored the brain as an integrated collection of neuronal systems that one could distinguish on basis of neurotransm- ter identities, and importantly, in which one started to be able to pinpoint the seat of brain disease. The mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) system, previously designated as midbraindopaminergic system, has received much attention since its discovery. The initial identification of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) and its relevance to psychiatric and neurological disorders have stimulated a plethora of neurochemical, pharmacological and genetic studies into the function of dopamine neurons and theirprojections. In the last decade, studies on gene expression and development have further increased the knowledge of this neuronal population and have unmasked a new level of complexity. The start of the molecular dissection of the mdDA system has been marked by the cloning and characterization ofNurrl and Pitx3. These transcription factors were shown to have a critical function during mdDA development. These initial studies have been followed by the identification of many other proteins, which have a crucial function in the creation of a dopamine neuron permissive region, induction of precursors, induction of terminaldifferent- tion and finally maintenance of the mdDA neuronal pool.

Dopaminergic neurons. --- Dopaminergic neurons --- Neurotransmitter Agents --- Neurons --- Dopamine --- Physiology --- Catecholamines --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action --- Physiological Effects of Drugs --- Cells --- Nervous System --- Biogenic Monoamines --- Pharmacologic Actions --- Anatomy --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Amines --- Biogenic Amines --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Organic Chemicals --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Neuroscience --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Dopamine neurons --- Medicine. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Dopaminergic mechanisms --- Health Workforce --- Biomedicine, general.

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The emergence of marine and freshwater toxins in geographical areas where they have never been reported before is a concern due to the considerable impact on (sea)food contamination, and consequently, on public health. Several groups of marine biotoxins, in particular tetrodotoxins, ciguatoxins, and palytoxins, are included among the relevant marine biotoxins that have recently emerged in several coastal areas. A similar situation has been observed in freshwater, where cyanobacterial toxins, such as microcystins, could end up in unexpected areas such as the estuaries where shellfish are cultivated. Climate change and the increased availability of nutrients have been considered as the key factors in the expansion of all of these toxins into new areas; however, this could also be due to more intense biological invasions, more sensitive analytical methods, or perhaps even an increased scientific interest in these natural contaminations. The incidences of human intoxications due to the consumption of seafood contaminated with these toxins have made their study an important task to accomplish in order to protect human health. This Special Issue has a focus on a wide variety of emerging biotoxin classes and techniques to identify and quantify them.

n/a --- C-CTX-1 --- non-targeted analysis --- ciguatera fish poisoning --- suspects screening --- neurodegeneration --- adaptation --- LC-HRMS --- paralytic shellfish toxins --- LC-MS/MS --- animal toxins --- identification --- method characterization --- caribbean ciguatoxins --- oral toxicity --- water flea --- quorum sensing --- eutrophication --- beta-methyl-amino-l-alanine --- dynamics simulation --- thermal water --- spent medium --- Microcystis --- Gambierdiscus --- gambierdiscus --- whole genome sequencing --- palytoxin --- conotoxin --- ovatoxins --- cyanobacterial toxin --- BMAA --- Ciguatera fish poisoning --- Rastrineobola argentea --- calcium-activated K+ ion channel --- toxicity equivalence factor --- NMR spectroscopy --- N2a --- PPIA --- marine biotoxins --- Daphnia magna --- ELISA --- disulfide-rich peptide --- food chain --- ShK-like peptide --- voltage-gated K+ ion channel --- targeted analysis --- Chinese yellow catfish --- marine --- macaronesia --- neuroblastoma bioassay --- marine toxins --- acute toxicity --- algal–bacterial relationship --- mass spectrometry --- tetrodotoxins --- saxitoxin --- toxicology --- cationization --- seafood safety --- evolution --- cyanotoxins --- toxin genes --- zoantharian --- spatial variability --- dopaminergic neurons --- tetrodotoxin --- bivalve mollusks --- algal-bacterial relationship --- Murntuluk / Catfish (Central NT, North NT SE52-03)