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Microplastics (MPs) are a prolific contaminant in aquatic ecosystems across the globe. Zooplankton (including holoplankton and meroplankton) play vital ecological roles in marine and freshwater ecosystems and have been shown to readily consume MPs. The present review uses 88 pieces of published literature to examine and compare the effects of MPs on survival, growth, development, feeding rate, swimming speed, reproduction, organ damage and gene expression of different groups of zooplankton including copepods, daphnids, brine shrimp, euphausids, rotifers and the larvae of fishes, sea urchins, molluscs, barnacles, decapods and ascidians. Among the groups studied, daphnids and copepods are the most sensitive to MPs, with their feeding rate and fecundity significantly decreased at environmentally relevant MP concentrations. This might adversely affect daphnids and copepods populations in the long term. In contrast, molluscs, barnacles, brine shrimp and euphausids appear to be more tolerant to MPs. No clear impacts on survival, development time, growth or feeding rate can be observed in these zooplankton groups at any of the MP concentrations tested, suggesting that these groups might become more dominant with prolonged exposure to MP pollution. Leachates derived from MPs can induce severe abnormality in bivalve and sea urchin embryos. MPs have prominent effects on survival and fecundity of F1 offspring in bivalves, copepods and daphnids, indicating that MPs could incite transgenerational effects and drastically affect sustainability in zooplankton populations.
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The Southern Ocean surrounding the Antarctic continent is vast, in particular, its history, its isolation, and climate, making it a unique "laboratory case" for experimental evolution, adaptation and ecology. Its evolutionary history of adaptation provide a wealth of information on the functioning of the biosphere and its potential. The Southern Ocean is the result of a history of nearly 40 million years marked by the opening of the Straits south of Australia and South America and intense cooling. The violence of its weather, its very low temperatures, the formation of huge ice-covered areas, as its isolation makes the Southern Ocean a world apart. This book discusses the consequences for the evolution, ecology and biodiversity of the region, including endemism, slowed metabolism, longevity, gigantism, and its larval stages; features which make this vast ocean a "natural laboratory" for exploring the ecological adaptive processes, scalable to work in extreme environmental conditions. Today, biodiversity of the Southern Ocean is facing global change, particularly in regional warming and acidification of water bodies. Unable to migrate further south, how will she cope, if any, to visitors from the North?
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simulation. --- Experiments. --- deep sea. --- Simulation methods
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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
deep-sea --- anthropogenic impacts --- climate change --- biodiversity --- deep-sea floor integrity --- governance --- Anthropocene
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Vents and seeps are the epitome of life in extreme environments, but there is much more to these systems than just black smokers or hydrocarbon seeps. Many other ecosystems are characterized by moving fluids and this book provides an overview of the different habitats, their specific conditions as well as the technical challenges that have to be met when studying them. The book provides the current state of the art and will be a valuable resource for everybody that has an interest in such environments.
Deep-sea ecology. --- Hydrothermal vent ecology. --- Hydrothermal vents --- Deep-sea ecology --- Hot spring ecology --- Marine ecology --- Ecology
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Deep-sea biology. --- Deep-sea ecology. --- Foraminifera, Fossil. --- Protozoa, Fossil --- Marine ecology --- Deep ocean biology --- Marine biology
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Mooring of ships. --- Deep-sea moorings. --- Moorings, Deep-sea --- Oceanographic research stations --- Anchorage --- Berthing of ships --- Ship mooring --- Ships --- Docks --- Harbors --- Mooring
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Although it is generally accepted that the Arctic Ocean is a very sensitive and important region for changes in the global climate, this region is the last major physiographic province of the earth whose short-and long-term geological history is much less known in comparison to other ocean regions. This lack of knowledge is mainly caused by the major technological/logistic problems in reaching this harsh, ice-covered region with normal research vessels and in retrieving long and undisturbed sediment cores. During the the last about 20 years, however, several international and multidisciplinary
Marine sediments --- Geology --- Bottom deposits (Oceanography) --- Bottom sediments (Oceanography) --- Deep-sea deposits --- Deposits, Deep-sea --- Marine deposits --- Sediments, Marine --- Ocean bottom --- Sedimentation and deposition --- Submarine geology --- Sediments (Geology)
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Marine Manganese Deposits
Manganese nodules --- Deep-sea manganese nodules --- Manganese ores --- Marine mineral resources --- Marine sediments --- Manganese nodules.
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Over the last two decades, exploration of the deep subsurface biosphere has developed into a major research area. New findings constantly challenge our concepts of global biogeochemical cycles and the ultimate limits to life. In order to explain our observations from deep subsurface ecosystems it is necessary to develop truly interdisciplinary approaches, ranging from microbiology and geochemistry to physics and modeling. This book aims to bring together a wide variety of topics, covering the broad range of issues that are associated with deep biosphere exploration. Not only does the book present case studies of selected projects, but also treats questions arising from our current knowledge. Despite nearly two decades of research, there are still many boundaries to exploration caused by technical limitations and one section of the book is devoted to these technical challenges and the latest developments in this field. This volume will be of high interest to biologists, chemists and earth scientists all working on the deep biosphere.
Deep-sea biology. --- Marine microbiology. --- Marine biology --- Water --- Deep ocean biology --- Microbiology
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