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This reprint highlights high-quality original research and review papers that include innovative colloidal drug delivery systems and cutting-edge characterization techniques that significantly contribute to the area of nanomedicine. The results presented are of high interest for specialists from a broad spectrum of fields, including biomedical, pharmaceutical, industrial, and biotechnological spheres.

Technology: general issues --- Chemical engineering --- synthetic antimicrobial polymers --- assembled nanostructures --- surfaces and coatings --- antimicrobial properties --- folate-targeted nanoparticles --- BSA/alginate nanocarriers --- paclitaxel --- cellular uptake --- cell viability --- ciprofibrate --- drug delivery --- Rietveld method --- crystallography --- nanotechnology --- neuropathy --- polymeric nanoparticles --- preclinical investigation --- pharmacokinetics of pregabalin --- antinociceptive effect --- induced sleep --- polymer nanoparticles --- glioma/glioblastoma --- blood–brain barrier (BBB)/blood brain tumour barrier (BBTB) --- nanodiagnostics --- drug delivery and imaging --- nanocrystals --- surface modification --- chemotherapy --- cancer --- cyclosporine A --- ethoxylated fatty acid --- block copolymer --- polymeric micelles --- ocular --- nanoparticles --- natural and synthetic polymers --- drug delivery systems --- biocompatibility --- in vivo tests --- nicarbazin --- DNC --- glycyrrhizic acid --- PVP --- micelles --- coccidiosis --- Pluronic --- F127 --- drug delivery system --- active pharmaceutical ingredient --- antimicrobial activity

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ROS were long considered one of the key players in tissue injury. Indeed, overproduction of ROS results in oxidative stress, a process leading to the development of many pathological conditions. For the treatment of these conditions, the use of antioxidants was proposed. Over time, it was shown that ROS at low concentrations act as signaling molecules, leading to the regulation of physiological functions. Moreover, several interventions that increase ROS generation activate stress-adaptive responses that extend the lifespan. It was also shown that excessive use of antioxidants can counter the beneficial effects of ROS. Currently, much progress has been made in understanding the role of ROS in human diseases and aging, as well as in the regulation of physiological functions, and in identifying the signaling pathways involved in ROS. However, much remains to be understood about the mutual interactions among signaling pathways underlying organisms’ adaptive responses, their modifications (which occur during aging), and some disease states. The aim of this Special Issue is to underline the effects of ROS production and antioxidant treatment in living organisms, focusing on their impact on health, disease, and aging.

CTCL --- apoptosis --- cell viability --- c-FLIP --- XIAP --- artemisinin --- SH-SY5Y cells --- hippocampal neurons --- H2O2 --- AMPK pathway --- atherosclerosis --- sphingomyelin synthase 2 --- endothelial dysfunction --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- β-catenin --- insulin resistance --- cancer --- cardiovascular disease --- neurodegenerative disorders --- exercise --- mitochondria --- oxidative stress --- PGC-1 --- Nrf2 --- UCPs --- ROS --- light --- DNA damage --- evolution --- D-box --- cavefish --- Spalax --- trimethylamine N-oxide --- cardiomyocytes --- cardiotoxicity --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- CORM-2 --- NADPH oxidase --- AP-1 --- HO-1 --- Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- glutathione (GSH) metabolism --- cancer therapy --- clear cell RCC --- papillary RCC --- chromophobe RCC --- sarcopenia --- reactive oxygen species --- redox signaling --- antioxidant supplementation --- protein aggregation --- redox --- proteinopathy --- peroxiredoxins --- tumorigenesis --- ROS scavengers --- n/a

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This book is devoted to new developments in measurement technologies for upstream and downstream bioprocessing. The recent advances in biotechnology and bioprocessing have generated a number of new biological products that require more qualified analytical technologies for diverse process analytical needs. These includes especially fast and sensitive measurement technology that, early in the process train, can inform on critical process parameters related to process economy and product quality and that can facilitate ambitions of designing efficient integrated end-to-end bioprocesses. This book covers these topics as well as analytical monitoring methods based either on real-time or in-line sensor technology, on simple and compact bioanalytical devices, or on the use of advanced data prediction methods.

lactate biosensor --- enzyme electrode --- off-line monitoring --- screen-printing --- at-line measurement --- in-line monitoring --- cell viability --- prediction --- chromatogram fingerprinting --- filamentous fungi --- Penicillium chrysogenum --- Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30 --- HPLC-SEC --- AAV-adeno-associated virus --- insect cell-baculovirus --- cell culture monitoring --- digital holographic microscopy --- process analytical technology --- pH --- pCO2 --- off-gas measurement --- carbon dioxide --- cell culture --- reference --- CHO --- automated sampling --- bioprocess --- amino acids --- vitamins --- Raman spectroscopy --- mammalian cell culture --- high-throughput --- scale-down technologies --- cation exchange chromatography --- monitoring --- PAT --- IgG titer --- real-time --- on-line --- nanoplasmonic --- AAV—adeno-associated virus --- gene therapy --- dielectric spectroscopy --- n/a

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We live in a constantly changing society, in which life expectancy has continuously increased, and, therefore, important health issues need to be solved. The development of nanotechnology with applications in the medical field—nanomedicine—has been proven to have strong therapeutic potential, especially by combining drugs with natural polymers, polysaccharides being most commonly used in the development of sustained and controlled release systems of biologically active principles. Polymeric nanoparticles loaded with drugs can actively target various diseases, being able to penetrate cells more effectively or succeed in overcoming some physiological barriers such as the blood–brain barrier. Drug-loaded hydrogels are used to treat dermal and dental conditions, and can act as scaffolds for the development of cell cultures with applications in tissue engineering. The recent literature abounds with articles discussing aspects of obtaining new polymer drug systems and their use in various biomedical applications. The editors of this Special Issue of the journal Molecules, entitled Drug Delivery Systems Based on Polysaccharides, are researchers with decades of experience in this field, and they consider justified and useful these several articles which report recent results of drug delivery systems based on polysaccharides and derivatives, respectively, and their biomedical applications. The authors of the articles are experts in the field, and the editors express their gratitude for the kindness and promptness with which they responded to the call to contribute the recently obtained results of their research to this specific edition of the journal Molecules.

chitin --- polymorphs --- chitin sources --- chitin characterization --- disintegration --- dissolution --- crushing strength --- compression analysis --- graft polymerization --- N-vinylimidazole --- gellan gum --- betaine structure --- mathematical model --- chitosan --- bioactive aldehyde release --- Scale Relativity Theory --- multifractal --- Riccati gauge --- joint invariant function --- SL(2R)-type group --- oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose --- hydrogel film --- curcumin immobilization --- delivery system --- periodontitis --- antibacterial properties --- polysaccharides --- drug delivery systems --- hydrogels --- microparticles --- nanoparticles --- films --- electrospun fibers --- gels --- transdermal drug delivery --- transdermal nanocarrier --- surface modification --- enhanced penetration efficiency --- controlled release --- targeting delivery --- brushite --- calcium phosphate cements --- physical-chemical properties --- mechanical properties --- microbiological properties --- cell viability --- grafted copolymer --- triazole derivative --- adsorption studies

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Cytology --- Biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Cell Biology. --- Biochemistry. --- Biophysics. --- Cytology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biological physics --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Composition --- Cells --- Cell --- Cell Biology --- Biology --- Cytologists --- Medical sciences --- Physics --- Chemistry --- Citología --- Biofísica --- Cells. --- Biology - General --- cells. --- cell biology --- acinar cells --- adipocytes --- aleurone cells --- antigen-presenting cells --- bacteriocytes --- blood cells --- bone marrow cells --- bundle sheath cells --- chondrocytes --- chromaffin cells --- chromatophores --- coelomocytes --- cultured cells --- endothelial cells --- epithelial cells --- eukaryotic cells --- fibroblasts --- germ cells --- giant cells --- gonadotropic cells --- granulosa cells --- guard cells --- hemocytes --- hepatocytes --- islets of Langerhans --- keratinocytes --- kidney cells --- Leydig cells --- luteal cells --- mast cells --- myocytes --- neoplasm cells --- neurosecretory cells --- nurse cells --- osteoblasts --- osteoclasts --- phagocytes --- plant root cells --- prokaryotic cells --- Schwann cells --- Sertoli cells --- somatic cells --- splenocytes --- spores --- stem cells --- stromal cells --- tenocytes --- teratocytes --- thecal cells --- vegetative cells --- artificial cells --- cell transplantation --- cell viability --- cellular microenvironment