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Cultural heritage plays a key role in understanding the history of humankind; therefore, the adoption of appropriate strategies for its conservation is essential. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi and microalgae, which are usually organized on the surface in microbial communities as “biofilms”, can cause serious problems in the conservation of cultural heritage, making the adoption of prevention and conservation strategies a critical issue. This editorial focuses on studies published within the present Special Issue that present advances in the field of the biodeterioration of cultural heritage caused by microbial communities, with a particular focus on new methods for their elimination and control.

phototrophic biofilms --- show caves --- biological control --- bacteria --- cyanobacteria --- amoeba --- Nanhai No.1 shipwreck --- wood lacquers --- fungi --- high-throughput sequencing --- carboxymethyl cellulose activity --- biocides --- microbial community --- biodeterioration --- MinION approach --- SEM --- aDNA --- animal --- plant --- cultural heritage conservation --- eco-friendly biocides --- ecology of biodeterioration --- mural paintings --- stone biodeterioration --- cultural heritage --- biofilm --- biodeteriogens --- antifouling --- ionic liquids --- green conservation --- SMART conservation --- biofilms --- phyto-derivative --- liquorice --- lavender --- PAM --- green microalgae --- diatoms --- Alhambra --- Generalife --- conservation --- information modelling --- stone fountains --- air quality --- museum --- next-generation sequencing --- PCR amplicon --- terpenoid varnishes --- painting --- GC-MS --- MDS --- microbiome --- biochemical processes --- nitrogen cycle --- sulfur cycle --- acidic attack --- stone and rock --- antimicrobial activity --- canvas painting biodeterioration --- cleaning procedure --- contactless test --- control --- plant essential oils --- volatile components --- bio-desalination --- biocleaning --- nitrate --- granite pavement --- essential oil --- hydro-alcoholic extract --- plant products --- green strategy --- microorganisms