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X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) deliver intense, coherent, femtosecond laser pulses in the X-ray range. The XFELs are opening two new research fields. One is to study ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics in various forms of matter. XFELs can make atoms and electrons in action visible. Another field is to study the non-linear interaction of the unprecedented intense X-ray pulse with matter. XFELs transform matter into its new form in extreme conditions that have never been reached. The present special issue provides an overview of the current status and future direction of the development of XFELs and the research fields opened by XFELs. Featured are reports on the status and plans of all FEL facilities in the world, i.e., FLASH in Germany, LCLS in USA, SACLA in Japan, FERMI in Italy, European XFEL, SwissFEL, PAL-XFEL in Korea, and Shanghai SXFEL in China. Reports are also included on instrumentations and on science at these facilities, as well as on the relevant theory.

X-ray lasers. --- Lasers, X-ray --- Nuclear-pumped lasers

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Radiography --- Radiography. --- Skiagraphy --- X-ray photography --- Diagnostic X-Ray --- Diagnostic X-Ray Radiology --- X-Ray Radiology, Diagnostic --- Radiology, Diagnostic X-Ray --- Roentgenography --- X-Ray, Diagnostic --- Diagnostic X Ray --- Diagnostic X Ray Radiology --- Diagnostic X-Rays --- Radiology, Diagnostic X Ray --- X Ray Radiology, Diagnostic --- X Ray, Diagnostic --- X-Rays, Diagnostic --- Photography --- Radiology --- X-rays --- Scientific applications --- Health and social care

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Radiology --- Radiography --- Radiology. --- Radiography. --- Radiodiagnostic. --- Radiologie médicale. --- Skiagraphy --- X-ray photography --- Radiological physics --- Diagnostic X-Ray --- Diagnostic X-Ray Radiology --- X-Ray Radiology, Diagnostic --- Radiology, Diagnostic X-Ray --- Roentgenography --- X-Ray, Diagnostic --- Diagnostic X Ray --- Diagnostic X Ray Radiology --- Diagnostic X-Rays --- Radiology, Diagnostic X Ray --- X Ray Radiology, Diagnostic --- X Ray, Diagnostic --- X-Rays, Diagnostic --- Photography --- X-rays --- Physics --- Radiation --- Scientific applications

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Medical radiology --- Radiography. --- Radiology. --- Medical radiology. --- Clinical radiology --- Radiology, Medical --- Radiology (Medicine) --- Diagnostic X-Ray --- Diagnostic X-Ray Radiology --- X-Ray Radiology, Diagnostic --- Radiology, Diagnostic X-Ray --- Roentgenography --- X-Ray, Diagnostic --- Diagnostic X Ray --- Diagnostic X Ray Radiology --- Diagnostic X-Rays --- Radiology, Diagnostic X Ray --- X Ray Radiology, Diagnostic --- X Ray, Diagnostic --- X-Rays, Diagnostic --- Medical physics

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Spine-related pain is the world's leading disabling condition, affecting every population and a frequent reason for seeking medical consultation and obtaining imaging studies. Numerous spinal phenotypes (observations/traits) and their respective measurements performed on various spine imaging have been shown to directly correlate and predict clinical outcomes. Atlas of Spinal Imaging: Phenotypes, Measurements and Classification Systems is a comprehensive visual resource that highlights various spinal phenotypes on imaging, describes their clinical and pathophysiological relevance, and discusses and illustrates their respective measurement techniques and classifications. Complies the knowledge and expertise of Dr. Dino Samartzis, the preeminent global authority on spinal phenotypes who has discovered and proposed new phenotypes and classification schemes; Dr. Howard S. An, a leading expert in patient management and at the forefront of 3D imaging of various spinal phenotypes; and Dr. Philip Louie, a young surgeon who is involved in one of the largest machine learning initiatives of spinal phenotyping. *Includes a Foreword by renowed spine surgeons Alexander Vaccaro and Max Aebi* Helps readers better understanding spinal phenotypes and their imaging, and how today's knowledge will facilitate new targeted drug discovery, novel diagnostics and biomarker discovery, and outcome predictions. Features step-by-step instructions on performing the radiographic measurements with examples of normal and pathologic images to demonstrate the various presentations. Presents clinical correlation of the phenotypes as well as the radiographic measurements with landmark references. Includes validated classification systems that complement the phenotypes and radiographic measurements. Complies the knowledge and expertise of Dr. Dino Samartzis, the preeminent global authority on spinal phenotypes who has discovered and proposed new phenotypes and classification schemes; Dr. Howard S. An, a leading expert in patient management and at the forefront of 3D imaging of various spinal phenotypes; and Dr. Philip Louie, a prolific surgeon who is involved in one of the largest machine learning initiatives of spinal phenotyping.

Spine --- Diagnostic Imaging --- Radiography. --- Atlas. --- Imaging --- methods. --- diagnostic imaging. --- Backbone --- Columna vertebralis --- Spinal column --- Vertebral column --- Back --- Bones --- Skeleton --- Diagnostic X-Ray --- Diagnostic X-Ray Radiology --- X-Ray Radiology, Diagnostic --- Radiology, Diagnostic X-Ray --- Roentgenography --- X-Ray, Diagnostic --- Diagnostic X Ray --- Diagnostic X Ray Radiology --- Diagnostic X-Rays --- Radiology, Diagnostic X Ray --- X Ray Radiology, Diagnostic --- X Ray, Diagnostic --- X-Rays, Diagnostic