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This inaugural volume transcends its archival value. Indeed, taken as a whole, the essays pose a provocation for both translation practice and theory. The criteria proposed and the issues examined remain the same. Absolute excellence, however, continues to move beyond the horizon, and changes in technology and taste inevitably change both the implementation of the criteria and the evaluation of the issues. The attendant ambiguities may stem from a parenthesis in the volume: does excellence lie in the "X-factor that elusive quality which renders one translation clearly superior to others"?.

Translating and interpreting. --- Translating services. --- Translating agencies --- Translation bureaus --- Interpretation and translation --- Interpreting and translating --- Language and languages --- Literature --- Translation and interpretation --- Translating --- Bibliographical services --- Language services --- Translating and interpreting --- Translators --- Interpreting services --- Translation and interpreting services --- Translation services

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What is community interpreting? What are the roles of the community interpreter? What are the standards, evaluation methods and accreditation procedures pertaining to community interpreting? What training is available or required in this field? What are the current issues and practices in community interpreting in different parts of the world? These key questions, discussed at the first international conference on community interpreting, are addressed in this collection of selected conference papers.The merit of this volume is that it presents the first comprehensive and global view of a

Sociaal tolken. --- Tolken. --- Interpreting --- Law --- Translation science --- Hygiene. Public health. Protection --- Social policy --- tolken --- 82.033 --- #KVHA:Tolkwerk --- Literatuur. Algemene literatuurwetenschap. Tolken --- Translating and interpreting --- Translating services --- Human services --- Interpretation and translation --- Interpreting and translating --- Language and languages --- Literature --- Translation and interpretation --- Translators --- Services, Human --- Translating agencies --- Translation bureaus --- Bibliographical services --- Language services --- Social aspects --- Translating --- Interpreting services --- Translation and interpreting services --- Translation services

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In the spirit of the 'enlargement' of the field proposed by Tymoczko (2007), this article argues for the city as an object of translation studies. All cities are multilingual, but for some language relations have particularly intense historical and cultural significance. Translation studies can illuminate the nature and effects of these interactions. The cities of Central Europe and in particular Czernowitz offer rich case studies. A thorough investigation of translational culture between 1880 and 1939 can help to provide a nuanced understanding of the nature of literary relations which prevai

Translating services. --- Translating and interpreting. --- Interpretation and translation --- Interpreting and translating --- Language and languages --- Literature --- Translation and interpretation --- Translating agencies --- Translation bureaus --- Translating --- Translators --- Bibliographical services --- Language services --- Translating and interpreting --- Interpreting services --- Translation and interpreting services --- Translation services --- Translating services

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Until now, there has been very little research into the use of online dictionaries. In contrast, the market for online dictionaries is increasing both for academic lexicography and for commercial lexicography, with sales figures for printed reference works in continual decline. This has led to a demand for reliable empirical information on how online dictionaries are actually being used and how they could be made more user-friendly. The volume Using Online Dictionaries makes a substantial contribution to closing this research gap. It is divided into four parts: The first part contains articles on fundamental issues: a research review of the empirical studies on digital dictionaries which have already been carried out, and a brief methodological guideline for lexicographical researchers who are interested in conducting their own empirical research. The second part contains the results of two studies that focus on general questions about the use of online dictionaries. It presents empirical data on contexts of dictionary use, on expectations and demands regarding online dictionaries. Furthermore, innovative features, such as the use of multimedia elements or the option of a user-adaptive interface and questions of design were assessed empirically. The third part of this volume comprises more specific studies of online dictionaries: an eye-tracking study evaluating the new web design of the dictionary portal OWID and a log file study which tries to get to the bottom of the following question: Do dictionary users look up frequent words, or put differently, is there a connection between how often a word is looked up and how often it appears in a corpus? In the last chapter of this thematic section, the question of how users judge the combination of a written paraphrase and an additional illustration in illustrated online dictionaries is addressed. The last part focuses on the use of monolingual dictionaries, in particular the German online dictionary elexiko. In this context, two online questionnaire-based studies were carried out. The empirical studies were conducted in the form of online surveys combining questionnaires and experimental elements and in the form of laboratory studies using eye-tracking technology as well as using observational methods such as log file analyses. Regarding the comprehensive research framework, this volume can be relevant to lexicographers, metalexicographers and linguists who are interested in the use of (online) dictionaries and in the development and exploration of lexicographical data for the internet, as well as linguists interested in empirical methods. It addresses a broad expert audience by presenting an academic subject which is currently the focus of much discussion.

English language --- German language --- Machine translating. --- Translating services. --- Translating agencies --- Translation bureaus --- Bibliographical services --- Language services --- Translating and interpreting --- Translators --- Automatic translating --- Computer translating --- Electronic translating --- Mechanical translating --- Algorithms --- Applied linguistics --- Artificial intelligence --- Natural language generation (Computer science) --- Information theory --- Cross-language information retrieval --- Translating machines --- Interpreting services --- Translation and interpreting services --- Translation services --- Germanic languages

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"Many 'translation solutions' (often called 'procedures,' 'techniques,' or 'strategies') have been proposed over the past 50 years or so in French, Chinese, Russian, Ukrainian, English, Spanish, German, Japanese, Italian, Czech, and Slovak. This book analyzes, criticizes and compares them, proposing a new list of solutions that can be used in training translators to work between many languages. The book also traces out an entirely new history of contemporary translation studies, showing for example how the Russian tradition was adapted in China, how the impact of transformational linguistics was resisted, and how scholarship has developed an intercultural metalanguage over and above the concerns of specific national languages. The book reveals the intensely political nature of translation theory, even in its most apparently technical aspects. The lists were used to advance the agendas of not just linguistic nationalisms but also state regimes - this is a history in which Hitler, Stalin, and Mao all played roles, Communist propaganda and imperialist evangelism were both legitimized, Ukrainian advances in translation theory were forcefully silenced in the 1930s, the Cold War both stimulated the application of transformational grammar and blocked news of Russian translation theory, French translation theory was conscripted into the agenda of Japanese exceptionalism, and much else."--Bloomsbury Publishing.

Translating services --- Translating and interpreting. --- Vertaalwetenschap --- Vertaalkunde --- Vertalen en politiek --- Vertaalprocedures --- Vertalen en cultuur --- Vertalen --- Translating services. --- Translating and interpreting --- geschiedenis --- sociale aspecten --- Study and teaching. --- Study and teaching --- Vertaalwetenschap. --- Vertaalkunde. --- Vertalen en politiek. --- Vertalen en cultuur. --- geschiedenis. --- sociale aspecten. --- Interpretation and translation --- Interpreting and translating --- Language and languages --- Literature --- Translation and interpretation --- Translators --- Translating agencies --- Translation bureaus --- Bibliographical services --- Language services --- Translating --- Translation science --- Interpreting services --- Translation and interpreting services --- Translation services --- Translating and interpreting - Study and teaching