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Thermoforming is one of the most common methods of processing plastics. It is extensively used by the packaging industry to produce disposable containers from blister packs for pharmaceuticals and electronics to microwavable food trays.There are many potential sources for problems in thermoforming and it is often hard to recognise the source of the problem to trouble shoot.This book provides an insight into the problems occurring during production and offers detailed remedies in terms of the sheet to be thermoformed and its basic compound. It examines the different types of surface defects, ho

Thermoforming. --- Plastics --- Molding.

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Modern thermoforming practice is a balance of practical experience and the application of engineering principles. This very practical book introduces the process, its tools and machinery, and the commonly used materials to novices and practicing engineers alike.

Thermoforming --- Thermoplastics --- injection compression moulding (icm) --- kunststofverwerking --- thermovormen --- vormgevingstechniek --- kunststoffen --- plastic --- vormgevingstechnieken --- Thermoforming. --- Thermoplastics. --- Gums and resins, Synthetic --- Plastics --- Molding

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This comprehensive handbook provides a simplified, practical, and innovative approach to understanding the design and manufacture of plastic products. It will expand the reader's understanding of plastics technology by defining and focusing on past, current, and future technical trends. Plastics behavior is presented so as to help readers fabricate products that meet performance standards, low-cost requirements, and profitability targets. Different plastic products are reviewed to gain a better understanding of how behavior affects performance and cost efficiency. Examples include toys, medical devices, cars, boats, underwater devices, containers, springs, pipes, buildings, and aircrafts. Functional behaviors are also explained in terms of thermoplastics, elastomers, reinforced plastics, and other common plastics, along with their many fabrication processes (extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, forming, foaming, reaction injection molding, and rotational molding). This material is presented so that both technical and non-technical readers can understand the interrelationships of materials to processes. The authors examine different plastic products and their related critical factors, from meeting performance requirements in different environments to reducing costs and targeting for zero defects.

Plastics. --- Plastic materials --- Plastic products --- Polymers --- Synthetic products --- Condensation products (Chemistry) --- Elastomers --- Plasticity --- Introduction to Plastics --- Plastics Materials --- Behaviors of Plastics --- Selecting Plastics --- Recycling Plastics --- Plastics Comparisons --- Fabricating Processes --- Plasticators --- Tooling --- Processing Machinery Lines --- Extrusion --- Injection Molding --- Thermoforming --- Foam Processes --- Reinforced Plastics --- Compression Molding and Transfer Molding --- Rotational Molding --- Calendaring --- Reaction Injection Molding --- Other Processes --- Designing Products --- Troubleshooting --- Computer Systems --- Testing/Quality Control/Statistics --- Cost Estimating and Profit Planning --- Markets --- Laws and Regulations

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Three-dimensional printing, or additive manufacturing, is an emerging manufacturing process. Research and development are being performed worldwide to provide a better understanding of the science and technology of 3D printing to make high-quality parts in a cost-effective and time-efficient manner. This book includes contemporary, unique, and impactful research on 3D printing from leading organizations worldwide.

metal additive manufacturing --- directed energy deposition --- alloy design --- elemental powder mixture --- advanced materials --- composition control --- porosity --- additive technology --- SLM --- computer tomography --- additive manufacture --- SLM Ti-6Al-4V --- variability --- anisotropy --- fatigue crack growth --- Ti-6Al-4V alloy --- laser powder bed fusion --- powder bed temperature --- microstructure evolution --- mechanical properties --- additive manufacturing --- pore --- pulsed emission --- X-ray imaging --- non-spherical --- hydride-dehydride (HDH) Ti-6Al-4V powder --- post-process heat treatment --- microstructure --- ductile fracture --- stress state --- Ti-6Al-4V --- 316L stainless steel --- soft materials --- smart materials --- stretchable devices --- FRP --- 3D printing --- defense --- FDM --- topology optimization --- neural network --- neural style transfer --- binder jetting --- sands --- vacuum thermoforming --- fiber reinforced composite --- n/a

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Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are population-based global optimizers, which, due to their characteristics, have allowed us to solve, in a straightforward way, many real world optimization problems in the last three decades, particularly in engineering fields. Their main advantages are the following: they do not require any requisite to the objective/fitness evaluation function (continuity, derivability, convexity, etc.); they are not limited by the appearance of discrete and/or mixed variables or by the requirement of uncertainty quantification in the search. Moreover, they can deal with more than one objective function simultaneously through the use of evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithms. This set of advantages, and the continuously increased computing capability of modern computers, has enhanced their application in research and industry. From the application point of view, in this Special Issue, all engineering fields are welcomed, such as aerospace and aeronautical, biomedical, civil, chemical and materials science, electronic and telecommunications, energy and electrical, manufacturing, logistics and transportation, mechanical, naval architecture, reliability, robotics, structural, etc. Within the EA field, the integration of innovative and improvement aspects in the algorithms for solving real world engineering design problems, in the abovementioned application fields, are welcomed and encouraged, such as the following: parallel EAs, surrogate modelling, hybridization with other optimization techniques, multi-objective and many-objective optimization, etc.

Automatic Voltage Regulation system --- Chaotic optimization --- Fractional Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller --- Yellow Saddle Goatfish Algorithm --- two-stage method --- mono and multi-objective optimization --- multi-objective optimization --- optimal design --- Gough–Stewart --- parallel manipulator --- performance metrics --- diversity control --- genetic algorithm --- bankruptcy problem --- classification --- T-junctions --- neural networks --- finite elements analysis --- surrogate --- beam improvements --- beam T-junctions models --- artificial neural networks (ANN) limited training data --- multi-objective decision-making --- Pareto front --- preference in multi-objective optimization --- aeroacoustics --- trailing-edge noise --- global optimization --- evolutionary algorithms --- nearly optimal solutions --- archiving strategy --- evolutionary algorithm --- non-linear parametric identification --- multi-objective evolutionary algorithms --- availability --- design --- preventive maintenance scheduling --- encoding --- accuracy levels --- plastics thermoforming --- sheet thickness distribution --- evolutionary optimization --- genetic programming --- control --- differential evolution --- reusable launch vehicle --- quality control --- roughness measurement --- machine vision --- machine learning --- parameter optimization --- distance-based --- mutation-selection --- real application --- experimental study --- global optimisation --- worst-case scenario --- robust --- min-max optimization --- optimal control --- multi-objective optimisation --- robust design --- trajectory optimisation --- uncertainty quantification --- unscented transformation --- spaceplanes --- space systems --- launchers