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Dioxins --- Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin --- Heterocyclic compounds --- Hazardous substances --- Toxicology. --- Carcinogenicity. --- Derivatives --- United States. --- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency --- US Environmental Protection Agency --- EPA --- Agentstvo po okhrane okruzhai︠u︡shcheĭ sredy SShA --- E.P.A. --- USEPA --- United States Environmental Protection Agency --- US EPA --- Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.)

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"From 1962 to 1971, the US military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the bulk of the herbicides sprayed. The main chemical mixture sprayed was Agent Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic form of dioxin, was an unintended contaminant generated during the production of 2,4,5-T and so was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam. Because of complaints from returning Vietnam veterans about their own health and that of their children combined with emerging toxicologic evidence of adverse effects of phenoxy herbicides and TCDD, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) was asked to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange, other herbicides used in Vietnam, and the various components of those herbicides, including TCDD. Updated evaluations are conducted every two years to review newly available literature and draw conclusions from the overall evidence.Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2012 reviews peer-reviewed scientific reports concerning associations between health outcomes and exposure to TCDD and other chemicals in the herbicides used in Vietnam that were published in October 2010--September 2012 and integrates this information wi650 th the previously established evidence database. This report considers whether a statistical association with herbicide exposure exists, taking into account the strength of the scientific evidence and the appropriateness of the statistical and epidemiological methods used to detect the association; the increased risk of disease among those exposed to herbicides during service in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam era; and whether there exists a plausible biological mechanism or other evidence of a causal relationship between herbicide exposure and the disease"--Publisher's description.

Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- Veterans -- Diseases. --- Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- Veterans -- Health aspects. --- Agent Orange --- Vietnam War, 1961-1975 --- Herbicides --- Epidemiology --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring --- Pesticides --- Environmental Pollution --- Health --- North America --- History, 20th Century --- Asia, Southeastern --- Asia --- Toxic Actions --- Agrochemicals --- Heterocyclic Compounds --- History, Modern 1601 --- -Population Characteristics --- Americas --- Public Health --- Specialty Uses of Chemicals --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- History --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Environment and Public Health --- Geographic Locations --- Health Care --- Geographicals --- Humanities --- Defoliants, Chemical --- Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin --- United States --- Vietnam --- Vietnam Conflict --- Occupational Exposure --- Dioxins --- Environmental Exposure --- Veterans Health --- Toxicology --- Health aspects --- Veterans --- Diseases --- Health aspects. --- Diseases. --- Toxicology.

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Veterans Health - United States. --- Veterans --- Vietnam War, 1961-1975 --- Sailors --- Agent Orange --- North America --- Health --- Herbicides --- Dioxins --- History, 20th Century --- Environmental Pollution --- Financing, Government --- Americas --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring --- History, Modern 1601 --- -Pesticides --- Financing, Organized --- Population Characteristics --- Public Health --- Geographic Locations --- History --- Heterocyclic Compounds --- Toxic Actions --- Agrochemicals --- Specialty Uses of Chemicals --- Economics --- Health Care --- Environment and Public Health --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Humanities --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Geographicals --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Veterans Health --- Defoliants, Chemical --- Environmental Exposure --- Vietnam Conflict --- Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin --- United States --- Veterans Disability Claims --- Military & Naval Science --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Law, Politics & Government --- Toxicology & Public Health --- Military Administration --- Diseases --- Health risk assessment --- Medical care --- Toxicology --- War use --- Naval operations, American --- Agent Orange. --- Herbicide Orange --- Orange, Agent --- Orange, Herbicide --- Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid --- Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid