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How did the relations between philosophy and science evolve during the 17th and the 18th century ? This book analyzes this issue by considering the history of Cartesianism in Dutch universities, as well as its legacy in the 18th century. It takes into account the ways in which the disciplines of logic and metaphysics became functional to the justification and reflection on the conceptual premises and the methods of natural philosophy, changing their traditional roles as art of reasoning and as science of being. This transformation took place as a result of two factors. First, logic and metaphysics (which included rational theology) were used to grant the status of indubitable knowledge of natural philosophy. Second, the debates internal to Cartesianism, as well as the emergence of alternative philosophical world-views (such as those of Hobbes, Spinoza, the experimental science and Newtonianism) progressively deprived such disciplines of their foundational function, and they started to become forms of reflection over given scientific practices, either Cartesian, experimental, or Newtonian
Descartes, René --- Logic. --- Metaphysics. --- Science --- Philosophy --- History. --- Descartes, René, --- Metafysica --- Natuurfilosofie --- Logica --- Geschiedenis van de filosofie --- Nederland --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy of nature --- Logic --- History of philosophy --- Netherlands --- Cartesianismus. --- Newton, Isaac. --- Philosophie/17. Jahrhundert. --- Philosophie/Niederlande. --- Philosophy/ 17th century. --- natural philosophy. --- philosophy/ Netherlands. --- God --- Ontology --- Philosophy of mind --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Psychology --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- Methodology --- Descartes, Renatus --- Cartesius, Renatus --- Cartesianismus --- Newton, Isaac --- Philosophie/17. Jahrhundert --- Philosophie/Niederlande --- Philosophy/ 17th century --- natural philosophy --- philosophy/ Netherlands --- History
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Descartes a écrit le Monde ou Traité de la Lumière dont la deuxième partie s’intitule L’Homme, il n’a jamais écrit de « Traité de l’Homme ». L’unité structurelle du traité de 1633 s’opère par le schème de la flamme qui se rapporte aussi bien au premier élément — le Feu — qu’au cœur, organe de fermentation ou de feu sans lumière. Lire Descartes par le biais essentiel de la flamme et de la lumière, tel est le propos de cet ouvrage. La lumière est-elle mouvement, action ou inclination à se mouvoir ? L’hésitation cartésienne engendre un questionnement sur la force mouvante. Si le mouvement n’est qu’un mode du corps mû, d’où vient la force mouvante ? Quel est son support substantiel ? Et qu’appelle-t-on substance ? Le problème de la force mouvante redouble quand on le rapporte à l’interaction de l’esprit et du corps. L’esprit est-il la cause des mouvements dits volontaires du corps ? Le corps est-il la cause de ce que sent l’esprit ? Descartes répond que l’esprit est la cause déterminante et non efficiente des mouvements dits volontaires et que le corps donne occasion à l’esprit de sentir. Certains cartésiens vont plus loin : l’esprit n’est que la cause occasionnelle des mouvements volontaires et, réciproquement, le corps n’est que la cause occasionnelle de ce que sent l’esprit. Le corps et l’esprit ne sont que des occasions pour Dieu d’exercer sa puissance, cause totale et unique de tous les mouvements du corps et de toutes les impressions de l’esprit. L’objet de ce livre est de montrer que Descartes a provoqué, par certains écarts conceptuels, une véritable crise de la causalité et de la substance, manifeste dans l’occasionalisme mais dont on voit encore les traces dans l’Encyclopédie de Diderot et de d’Alembert.
Causation --- Substance (Philosophy) --- Philosophy, French --- Causalité --- Substance (Philosophie) --- Philosophie française --- Descartes, René, --- Causation. --- Causalité --- Philosophie française --- Descartes, René, --- Matter --- Metaphysics --- Ontology --- Reality --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Descartes, Renatus --- Cartesius, Renatus --- Descartes, René --- Philosophy - 17th century.
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