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This book was first published in 2007. Norepinephrine is a chemical neurotransmitter. Drugs that directly manipulate central nervous system (CNS) norepinephrine are being developed targeting noradrenergic neurons to deliver therapeutic effects. Noradrenergic drugs have been proven effective for depression and ADHD, and new disease indications are being identified. A team of experts provides the reader with a thorough understanding of the anatomy, physiology, molecular biology, pharmacology and therapeutics of norepinephrine in the brain, including an extensive review of the role of norepinephrine in brain diseases. The book is divided into four sections: the basic biology of norepinephrine; the role that norepinephrine plays in behavior; evidence of norepinephrine's role in CNS diseases, and the pharmacology and therapeutics of noradrenergic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders.

Norepinephrine. --- Arterenol --- Levarterenol --- Levonor --- Levonorepinephrine --- Levophed --- Levophed bitartrate --- Noradrenalin --- Noradrenaline --- Noradrenaline bitartrate --- Norepinephrine bitartrate --- Norepinephrine hydrochloride --- Sympathin --- Catecholamines --- Ethanolamines --- Neurotransmitters --- Sympathomimetic agents --- Noradrenergic mechanisms --- Noradrenaline.

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Glucocorticoids --- Growth hormone --- Sympathetic innervation --- Galectins --- Thymus --- Norepinephrine --- Ephrins --- Diabetes --- Infectious diseases --- Cytokines

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The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a pivotal role in regulating our emotions. The importance of ventromedial regions in emotion regulation, including the ventral sector of the medial PFC, the medial sector of the orbital cortex and subgenual cingulate cortex, have been recognized for a long time. However, it is increasingly apparent that lateral and dorsal regions of the PFC, as well as neighbouring dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, also play a role. Defining the underlying psychological mechanisms by which these functionally distinct regions modulate emotions and the nature and extent of their interactions is a critical step towards better stratification of the symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders. It is also important to extend our understanding of these prefrontal circuits in development. Specifically, it is important to determine whether they exhibit differential sensitivity to perturbations by known risk factors such as stress and inflammation at distinct developmental epochs. This Special Issue brings together the most recent research in humans and other animals that addresses these important issues, and in doing so, highlights the value of the translational approach.

norepinephrine --- medial prefrontal cortex --- fear extinction --- emotion regulation --- emotion processing --- connectivity --- anticipatory arousal --- Pavlovian --- triadic neural systems model --- prelimbic --- development --- positive and negative --- rat --- Williams Syndrome --- psychological treatment --- glia density --- anxiety --- fMRI --- area 25 --- anhedonia --- adolescence --- adolescent --- autonomic --- amygdala --- neuron density --- neural --- prefrontal cortex --- reliability --- functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) --- networks --- cAMP --- cognitive control --- extinction --- infralimbic --- NMDA --- reward --- calcium --- stress adolescence --- BDNF --- machine learning --- negative affect --- hierarchical control --- emotion --- occasion setting --- serotonin transporter --- ventromedial prefrontal cortex --- psychophysiology --- depression --- aging --- dopamine --- age

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Biosensors, i.e., devices where biological molecules or bio(mimetic)structures are intimately coupled to a chemo/physical transducer for converting a biorecognition event into a measurable signal, have recently gained a wide (if not huge) academic and practical interest for the multitude of their applications in analysis, especially in the field of bioanalysis, medical diagnostics, and clinical assays. Indeed, thanks to their very simple use (permitting sometimes their application at home), the minimal sample pretreatment requirement, the higher selectivity, and sensitivity, biosensors are an essential tool in the detection and monitoring of a wide range of medical conditions from glycemia to Alzheimer’s disease as well as in the monitoring of drug responses. Soon, we expect that their importance and use in clinical diagnostics will expand rapidly so as to be of critical importance to public health in the coming years. This Special Issue would like to focus on recent research and development in the field of biosensors as analytical tools for clinical assays and medical diagnostics.

molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) --- surface imprinted polymers (SIPs) --- electrochemical biosensor --- biomarkers for infectious diseases --- choline biosensor --- amperometric detection --- overoxidized polypyrrole film --- phospholipase D assay --- phosphatidylcholine --- human epididymis protein 4 --- competitive electrochemical immunosensor --- WiFi portable potentiostat --- on-board calibration --- Internet of Things --- 1-methoxy-5-ethyl phenazinium ethyl sulfate --- disposable enzyme sensor --- lactate oxidase --- glucose dehydrogenase --- fructosyl peptide oxidase --- electrochemical enzyme sensor --- biomedical engineering --- surface plasmon resonance --- biosensors --- bio-functionalization optimization --- cost-effective biosensors --- lab-on-a-chip --- aptamer --- labeling --- enzyme --- zinc finger protein --- electrochemical sensor --- vascular endothelial growth factor --- breast cancer --- nanobiosensors --- biomarkers --- electrochemistry --- impedance --- immobilization --- nanomaterial --- nanoparticles (NPs) --- magnetic NPs --- self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) --- signal amplification --- optogenetics --- micro-electrode array --- in situ detection --- electrophysiology --- neural circuit recognition --- biosensor --- carbon dots --- norepinephrine --- tyrosinase --- voltammetry --- folic acid --- real samples --- analytical methods --- electrochemical tools --- choline analysis --- phosphocholine analysis --- choline oxidase --- alkaline phosphatase --- enzyme immobilization --- overoxidized polypyrrole --- electropolymerized non-conducting polymer --- dual electrode biosensor --- simultaneous determination --- flow injection analysis --- capacitive sensing --- alternating current electrokinetic effects --- miRNA sensing --- point-of-care diagnostics