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This manual presents the Expenditure Assessment Tool (EAT), which helps assess expenditures for any specific country. EAT uses the commonly available software program Excel and has been designed by Expenditure Policy Division at Fiscal Affairs Department at IMF. The information EAT provides can be very useful in the evaluation of government spending and in the identification of areas where there may be room to increase spending efficiency or rationalize spending. The evaluation is done through benchmarking of spending—levels, composition and outcomes—against regional and income comparators. The focus is on both the economic and functional classification of expenditures. The application of the tool to spending in Argentina is presented as an illustration.

Education spending --- Education: Government Policy --- Expenditure --- Expenditures, Public --- Fiscal Policy --- Health care spending --- Health economics --- Health --- Health: General --- Health: Government Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Public Health --- Regulation --- Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government --- Total expenditures --- Argentina

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This paper estimates public sector service efficiency in England at the sub-regional level, studying changes post crisis during the large fiscal consolidation effort. It finds that despite the overall spending cut (and some caveats owing to data availability), efficiency broadly improved across sectors, particularly in education. However, quality adjustments and other factors could have contributed (e.g., sector and technology-induced reforms). It also finds that sub-regions with the weakest initial levels of efficiency converged the most post crisis. These sub-regional changes in public sector efficiency are associated with changes in labor productivity. Finally, the paper finds that regional disparities in the productivity of public services have narrowed, especially in the education and health sectors, with education attainment, population density, private spending on high school education and class size being to be the most important factors explaining sub-regional variation since 2003.

Government marketing. --- Municipal services. --- Medical care. --- Delivery of health care --- Delivery of medical care --- Health care --- Health care delivery --- Health services --- Healthcare --- Medical and health care industry --- Medical services --- Personal health services --- Public health --- Municipal services within corporate limits --- Public services --- Municipal government --- Public utilities --- Marketing, Government --- Marketing, Public sector --- Public sector marketing --- Marketing --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Publicly Provided Goods: General --- State and Local Government --- Intergovernmental Relations: General --- Public Enterprises --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Education: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Health: General --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- Public finance & taxation --- Civil service & public sector --- Education --- Health economics --- Public sector --- Expenditure --- Health --- Education spending --- Economic sectors --- Expenditures, Public --- Finance, Public --- United Kingdom

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Africa's Middle-Class Motor finds growing evidence that a recent resurgence in the continent's economic well-being has staying power. In his overview article, Harvard professor Calestous Juma says the emphasis for too long has been on eradicating poverty through aid rather than promoting prosperity through improved infrastructure, education, entrepreneurship, and trade. That is now changing: there is a growing emphasis on policies that produce a middle class. The new African middle class may not have the buying power of a Western middle class but it demands enough goods and services to support stronger economic growth, which, as IMF African Department head Antoinette Sayeh points out, in turn helps the poorest members of society. Oxford University economist Paul Collier discusses a crucial component of Africa's needed infrastructure: railways. It is a continent eminently suited to rail, development of which has been held back more by political than economic reasons. But even as sub-Saharan African thrives, its largest and most important economy, South Africa, has had an anemic performance in recent years. We also profile Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Nigeria's colorful economic czar. "Picture This" mines current trends to predict what Africa will look like a half century from now and "Data Spotlight" looks at increased regional trade in Africa. Elsewhere, Cornell Professor Eswar Prasad, examines a global role reversal in which emerging, not advanced, economies are displaying resilience in the face of the global economic crisis. The University of Queensland's John Quiggin, who wrote Zombie Economics, examines whether it makes sense in many cases to sell public enterprises. Economists Raghuram Rajan of the University of Chicago and Rodney Ramcharan of the U.S. Federal Reserve find clues to current asset booms and busts in the behavior of U.S. farmland prices a century ago.

Middle class --- Economic stabilization --- International economic relations --- International finance --- International monetary system --- International money --- Finance --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Foreign economic relations --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- Adjustment, Economic --- Business stabilization --- Economic adjustment --- Stabilization, Economic --- Bourgeoisie --- Commons (Social order) --- Middle classes --- Social classes --- International cooperation --- Social conditions --- Africa --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Economic conditions --- E-books --- Exports and Imports --- Finance: General --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Investments: Commodities --- Commodity Markets --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Education: General --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Investment & securities --- Commodity prices --- Expenditure --- Education --- Emerging and frontier financial markets --- Commodities --- Prices --- Financial markets --- Education spending --- Expenditures, Public --- Financial services industry --- Commercial products --- Saving and investment --- South Africa