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This book documents the changing role of the Islamic Waqf institution in Cyprus and the conservation of Waqf heritage buildings of Ottoman and Western origins. Previously ignored archives of documents detailing the conservation of Waqf buildings during Ottoman and British rule allow a fine-grained analysis of the colonial introduction of Western approaches to heritage conservation. Colonial rule saw major legislative and administrative changes to the originally autonomous Ottoman Waqf institution, which had already been subject to reforms under the Ottoman regime. Under British rule, Western heritage concepts and modern architectural conservation discourses became the core conservation principles in Cyprus. Earlier centralisation attempts during the Ottoman Tanzimat (1831-1876), and the procedural, technical, and political reconfigurations during the British colonial era in Cyprus (1878-1960), were key factors of the transformation of the Waqf’s traditional building upkeep system. These imperial interventions, their orientalist mindset, and the rise of nationalism, finally led to the erosion of Waqf in Cyprus as a non-Western and sustainable form of building conservation. This study reveals how the Western approach, the forms of expertise it privileges, and pragmatic diversions from this practice for political purposes, were useful in neutralizing the legitimacy of local practices, except in cases where opportunistic ‘recognition’ of their utility played a role in inter-communal, colonial, nationalist, and inter-imperial politics.

Islam. --- Ethnology-Middle East . --- Middle East-History. --- Middle Eastern Culture. --- History of the Middle East. --- Mohammedanism --- Muhammadanism --- Muslimism --- Mussulmanism --- Religions --- Muslims --- Ethnology—Middle East . --- Middle East—History.

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Dates form the backbone of written history. But where do these dates come from? Many different calendars were used in the ancient world. Some of these calendars were based upon observations or calculations of regular astronomical phenomena, such as the first sighting of the new moon crescent that defined the beginning of the month in many calendars, while others incorporated schematic simplifications of these phenomena, such as the 360-day year used in early Mesopotamian administrative practices in order to simplify accounting procedures. Historians frequently use handbooks and tables for conv

Calendars -- History. --- Calendars -- Middle East -- History. --- Calendars --- History --- Astronomy --- Time --- History.

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This book is the only comprehensive study in a European language that analyzes how Sufi treatises, Qur’anic commentary, letters, hagiography, and poetry define and depict jihad. Harry S. Neale analyzes Sufi jihad discourse in Arabic and Persian texts composed between the eleventh and seventeenth centuries, providing access to many writings that have hitherto been unavailable in English. Despite the diversity of practice within Sufism that existed throughout the premodern period, Sufi writings consistently promulgated a complementary understanding of jihad as both a spiritual and military endeavor. Neale discusses the disparity between contemporary academic Sufi jihad discourse in European languages, which generally presents Sufis as peaceful mystics, and contemporary academic writing in Arabic that depicts Sufis as exemplary warriors who combine spiritual discipline with martial zeal. The book concludes that historically, Sufi writings never espoused a purely spiritual interpretation of the doctrine of jihad.

Religion. --- Islam. --- Religion --- Middle East --- Religious Studies. --- History of Religion. --- History of the Middle East. --- History. --- Islam --- Religion-History. --- Middle East-History. --- Mohammedanism --- Muhammadanism --- Muslimism --- Mussulmanism --- Religions --- Muslims --- Religion—History. --- Middle East—History.

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This book highlights fundamental, but often neglected, issues important for a better understanding of present-day Iran. It underlines the idea that the most effective means for a nation to meet challenges and practices of the modern era lies with the fundamental values and norms that resonate with its inhabitants. This book is meant to be a companion to the author’s published book Iran Revisited: Exploring the Historical Roots of Culture, Economics, and Society that expands upon that book’s ideas, without repeating its theoretical reasoning. Its goal is to offer a better understanding of the current and evolving situations in Iran. In this regard, the author tried to clarify his position through a host of suggestions, most notably, the need to consider social rights as the bare minimum but extremely imperative criteria in our contemporary discourse for the betterment of our society. These rights, he argues, are the most fundamental tenets of any community that strives to succeed and flourish. In this context, the underlying discussion rests on the following claim: the most persisting problems in Iran are the outcomes of the gradual regression of the people’ mindset that persistently overlooked their heritage and value system in favor of imitating ideas that were/are neither compatible with their culture and history, nor applicable to the country’s socioeconomic conditions. The author, therefore, presumed that these predicaments are self-inflicted: they were neither caused by a specific state, nor belong to a historical period, or individual(s); they cannot be characterized by political or economic terminologies, but are firmly rooted in people inability to recognize that the most vital principle in developing and propelling a nation forward is the existence of a unified people. .

Iran --- Social life and customs. --- Middle East—Economic conditions. --- Middle East-Politics and governm. --- Middle East-History. --- Middle Eastern and North African Economics. --- Middle Eastern Politics. --- History of the Middle East. --- Middle East—Politics and government. --- Middle East—History.

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This book charts the development of Islamic ships and boats in the Western Indian Ocean from the seventh to the early sixteenth century with reference to earlier periods. It utilizes mainly Classical and Medieval Arabic sources with iconographical evidence and archaeological finds. Maritime activities in the region resulted in a cross fertilization, not only of goods but also of ideas and culture which gave an underlying cohesion to the Arabian, Persian and Indian maritime peoples. This study has led to a re-evaluation of that maritime culture, showing that it was predominantly Persian and Indian, with Chinese influence, throughout the Islamic period until the coming of the Portuguese, as reflected in nautical terminology and technology.

Ships, Medieval --- Boats and boating --- Navigation --- Navires médiévaux --- Bateaux --- History --- Histoire --- Indian Ocean --- Indien, Océan --- History. --- Ships --- Navires médiévaux --- Indien, Océan --- Havens. --- Islamitische wereld. --- Scheepvaart. --- Schepen. --- Vessels (Ships) --- Shipbuilding --- Zuidwest-Azië. --- Ships - Middle East - History --- Boats and boating - Middle East - History --- Navigation - Middle East - History --- Indian Ocean - Navigation - History --- Navires --- Moyen-Orient --- Moyen âge --- Moyen âge